小麦植体营养平衡状态与氯铵效应

氯化铵作为小麦的氮肥施用,营养平衡时,其肥效与硫铵相近;小麦籽粒粗蛋白总量、面筋含量、蛋白质各组分含量亦差异不大。若麦体营养不平衡时,则氯铵肥效降低、吸氯量增加,氯毒害加重,明显影响小麦产量、品质及生长发育,且降低麦株对N.P.K的累积量。施入土壤中的氯化铵,约5-10%的氯为小麦吸收,约5%残留在耕层土壤中,余则在当季作物期间被淋洗。小麦吸收的氯主要分布在叶片和茎杆中,约占95%,很少向穗部运转。     

轮台白杏树体营养盈亏分析

[目的]通过对新疆轮台县9个乡镇轮台白杏叶样的采集与分析,旨在了解轮台白杏树体营养盈亏状况,以期为轮台白杏的优质丰产提供施肥需求的科学依据.[方法]采用化学分析方法测定轮台白杳叶样常量元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn浓度,并运用诊断与施肥建议综合法(DRIS)分析轮台白杏树体营养盈亏状况.[结果]轮台白杏DRIS诊断指标为叶片Zn、Ca浓度和N/P、N/Fe、N/Mn、N/Cu、N/Ca、N/Mg、P/Fe、P/Mn、P/Cu、P/Ca、P/Mg、K/N、K/P,K/Zn、Fe/K、Fe/Mn、Mn/K、Mn/Cu、Mn/Ca、Mn/Mg、Cu/K、Cu/Fe、Cu/Ca、Cu/Mg、Zn/N、Zn/P、Zn/Fe、Zn/Mn、Zn/Cu、Zn/Ca、Zn/Mg、Ca/Fe、MS/K、Mg/Fe、MS/Ca浓度比值;轮台白杏树体养分浓度平衡值为N:1.68 g/kg、P:0.54 g/kg、K:2.36 g/kg、Ca:7.43 g/kg、Mg:0.23 g/kg、Fe:246.23 mg/kg、Mn:25.03 mg/kg、Cu:0.95 mg/kg、Zn:26.43 mg/kg.[结论]新疆轮台县轮台白杏树体K、P、Cu、Ca、Fe以缺乏为主,Mn、Zn、Mg、N以供应充足为主,科学、合理施肥是轮台白杏优质丰产的必要条件.     

Spatial Variability Studies in Banana for Identification of Nutrient Imbalance Using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System

Spatial variability of soil properties and accompanying variability in plant nutrient concentrations in a banana growing enterprise were mapped using Geographic Information Service (GIS) technique to test the diagnostic sensitivity of Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) system. Variogram models of soil properties indicated that most of the properties exhibited definable spatial structures. The pH, available nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) showed strong spatial dependence, whereas available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) showed moderate dependence. Most of the plant nutrients exhibited higher nugget/sill ratio indicating often mismatch between soil available nutrient and plant nutrient concentrations. DRIS indices showed high diagnostic sensitivity for N, P, K, Ca, and Fe. Application of GIS for nutrient mapping along with DRIS was found useful for identification of yield limiting nutrients in soil and plant for developing nutrient management strategies.     

Influence of lime and phosphorus on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yield,leaf and seed composition on a paleudult soil

Abstract

This research was undertaken on a paleudult soil in southern Brazil, 30° south latitude, to quantify lime and P effect upon soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). A lime x P factorial experience with lime treatments of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times SMP interpretation to pH 6.5, and 0, 44, 88, 132, and 176 kg P/ha with 3 replications were installed. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (1973–74, 1974–75), with leaf‐N, P, and K; yield; seed‐N, P, and K; Bray P₂ (0.03N NH₄F + 0.1N HC1) avail‐able‐P and soil pH measurements completed each year. Data was evaluated with linear, quadratic, logarithmic, polynomial, segmented line, and multiple regression using the coefficient of determination as goodness of fit.

The best model fit between P treatment and Bray P₂ available‐P was a quadratic equation; the model between relative yield and Bray P_2‐P with 54% of the relative yield attributed to Bray P₂ available‐P, a sigmented line. This model indicated point of maximum yield (91% relative yield) was obtained at 7.4 ppm‐P, with no increase in relative yield with increasing levels of soil available‐P. To calculate the P fertilizer necessary to increase available soil‐P to the level of maximum yield of equation Y_p = [1639(7.4 ‐ x_s)]^1/2, where Y_p = kg P/ha fertilizer needed; and x_s = initial Bray P₂ soil available‐P in ppm's. The lime effect upon soil pH was best described as a linear relationship. Yield increase with lime at this site was not significant at the 5% level.

The leaf‐N, P, and K increased significantly with soil available‐P levels. A second degree polynomial with logarithmic function best defined these relationships. The calculated DRIS indices and sum proved useful to evaluate the plant‐N, P, and K balance of each treatment.

Only seed‐P level was directly related to soil available‐P. Both seed‐N and seed‐K were highly correlated with indirect effects of soil available‐P levels.

Results from this study suggest the segmented line model would best interpret soybean yield response to Bray P₂ available‐P for this soil. To obtain maximum yield using this model rather than the second degree polynomial would require less fertilizer P. Foliar analyses interpretation confirmed adequate plant‐P level would be supplied for maximum yield at this level of fertilization.     

柳杉苗木综合营养诊断I.田间DRIS图解法

应用N、P、K三元二次旋转回归法,根据1年生柳杉苗木现实生物量的差异,划分2种不同的产量类型,以高产量类型作为最适值,结合DR IS诊断图的绘制和应用,研究氮、磷、钾肥不同施肥配比条件下苗木体内氮、磷、钾的养分含量及其需求程度,对柳杉苗期进行营养诊断分析.结果表明:柳杉苗期叶片3元素浓度最佳比值范围为:N/P=9.439 8±1.345 7,N/K=3.263 9±0.178 7,P/K=0.359 2±0.045 6.以三元二次旋转回归法设计的各处理苗木为例,列出各元素的DR IS诊断相对需肥次序,证实了营养诊断的准确性.     

The DRIS for interpretation of coastal bermudagrass analysis

Abstract

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were developed for three high‐yield Coastal bennudagrass populations that were selected from soil fertility studies that contained six rates each of N, P, and K. Norms from the high‐yield population that was based on a single yield level at a given harvest date were considered most suitable. The relative importance of criteria used to select suitable diagnostic parameters was discussed along with composition of index equations. The norms developed from Coastal bennudagrass grown on an Aquic Fragiudalf soil in south Louisiana accurately predicted yield responses to N, P and K applications at that location and to P, S, and Mg applications on Typic Paleudult soils in north Louisiana. A computer generated DRIS balance chart was designed to provide a visual interpretation of individual sets of DRIS indices.     

植物营养诊断中的灰色关联分析法

本文在将灰色关联分析法用于植物营养诊断时提出了在计算灰色关联度时初值化的一种方法,通过计算灰色关联度来反应植株总体养分平衡状况。将关联分析法拓宽到计算组成某一状态的子状态的关联度,并按这种方法计算植株各养分灰色指数来反应植株各种养分平衡状况。以实例将灰色关联分析法运用于小麦营养诊断,所得结果与 DRIS 法进行了比较,两者具有一致性,说明灰色关联分析法是一种可用于植物营养诊断的方法。     

贵州都匀马尾松种子园针叶DRIS营养诊断分析

通过对都匀1．5代无性系种子园20年生马尾松针叶中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、B等营养元素含量变化的测定和分析,初步筛选出N／P、K／N、Ca／N、Mg／N、N／Cu、zn／N、N／Fe、K／P、Ca／P、P／Mg、P／Cu、P／Zn、Fe／P、K／Ca、K／Mg、K／Cu、K／Zn、Fe／K、Ca／Mg、Ca／Cu、Ca／Zn、Fe／Ca、MgJCu、Zn／Mg、Fe／Mg、Zn／Cu、Fe／Cu、Fe／Zn共28对元素比值为重要参数,对贵州都匀马尾松种子园针叶作DRIS营养诊断分析。结果表明,该地区马尾松针叶内Mn含量过高,平均值为767．01mg／kg,而B含量较低,仅为12．95mg／kg,马尾松的需肥顺序为Cu〉P〉Zn〉Mg〉Ca〉N〉K〉Fe。     

诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）在渭北旱塬红富士 苹果营养诊断中的应用

本研究通过提前叶片采样时期,运用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)对不同产量水平红富士苹果进行了叶片矿质营养诊断,以期为早期红富士苹果营养诊断与科学施肥提供依据.测定诊断结果表明,渭北旱塬红富士苹果叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的适宜值分别为26.04±3.50 g·kg-1、2.84+0.74 g·kg-1、15.05±4.08 g·kg-1、14.25±3.04 g·kg-1、3.15±0.73 g·kg-1、12.69±3.14 mg· kg-1、262.87±82.05 mg·kg-1、96.33±33.35 mg·kg-1、23.57±10.13 mg·kg-1.选择的DRIS诊断参数中,除N/Zn、Cu/P、P/Zn、Ca/Zn、Mg/Zn和Cu/Zn外,30种表示形式的变异系数均表现出低产组(＜ 25 kg·tree-1)大于高产组(＜25 kg·tree-1);高产组和低产组的养分不平衡指数(NII)分别为73和88.相对于高产组,低产组元素间关系更不平衡.总体而言,渭北旱塬区红富士苹果园除产量高于41.3kg· tree-需肥顺序排在第一位的元素为Cu外,其它均为P;需肥顺序排在第二位的元素高产为K,低产果园仅当产量低于10.2 kg·tree-1时为K,其余为Zn;而排在第三位的,高产均为Ca,低产均为Mg.     

DRIS理论缺陷与方法重建

 经分析DRIS存在两类理论缺陷:两正态分布的营养元素的比值分布为正偏的非常态;DRIS在营养元素等比不等量变化时存在诊断盲区。依据多维正态分布的二次型理论,以及等概率平衡观点,建立优于DRIS,以及与临界值诊断形式统一的“平衡态诊断施肥综合法”BDRIS。当营养元素相关矩阵R=I(单位矩阵),即不考虑元素颉颃作用时,BDRIS简化为临界值诊断。同时,还提供了SAS语言编写的诊断程序。