藏柏林营造试验初报

1989年,在开县国有毛垭林场海拔1000 m处,进行藏柏采种林营造试验。经23年观测,藏柏在该处能正常生长发育。第4年有极少数单株挂果,种子无发芽力;第5年结的种子,发芽率为2％;第6年结的种子发芽率为33％。藏柏平均年生长高为88 cm,胸径为1.1 cm,超过当地乡土树种马尾松和杉木的生长量。     

Relationships between soil and foliar nutrients in young densely planted mini-plots of Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica

The long-term nature of forest crop rotations makes it difficult to determine impacts of forestry on soil nutrients that might be depleted by forest growth. We used small scale, highly stocked plots to compress the length of the rotation and rapidly induce nutrient depletion. In the study, two species (Pinus radiata D. Don and Cupressus lusitanica Miller) are compared under two disturbance regimes (soil undisturbed and compacted), and two fertiliser treatments (nil and plus fertiliser), applied in factorial combination at 33 sites, covering the range of climatic and edaphic variation found in plantation forests across New Zealand. To assess our ability to rapidly highlight important soil properties, foliar nutrient concentrations were determined 20 months after planting. It was hypothesised that the densely planted plots, even at a young age, would create sufficient pressure on nutrient resources to allow development of relationships between properties used as indicies of soil nutrient availability and foliar nutrient concentrations. For both species significant relationships between foliar nutrients and 0–10 cm layer soil properties from unfertilised plots were evident for N (total and mineralisable N) and P (total, acid extractable, organic, Bray-2 and Olsen P). With the exception of Ca in C. lusitanica, foliar K, Ca and Mg were correlated with their respective soil exchangeable cation measures. The results thus confirm the utility of the experimental approach and the relevance of the measured soil properties for forest productivity.

In unfertilised plots foliar N and P concentrations in P. radiata exceeded those in C. lusitanica, the differences being eliminated by fertiliser application. Foliar N/P ratios in P. radiata also exceeded those in C. lusitanica. In contrast to N and P, foliar K, Ca and Mg concentrations were all higher in C. lusitanica, the difference being particularly marked for Ca and Mg. P. radiata contained substantially higher concentrations of the metals Zn, Mn and Al than C. lusitanica, whereas the latter contained higher B concentrations. Possible reasons for differences between species in foliar nutrient concentrations are discussed.     

岷江上游干旱河谷岷江柏木幼林地绿肥种植研究

在岷江上游干旱河谷岷江柏木幼林地经过连续4 a利用雨季种植绿肥压青,增加土壤肥力,提高水分利用率,促进幼树生长研究。结果表明:(1)种植红豆草的土壤0～40 cm含水量旱季增加3.68 g·kg-1,0～20 cm土壤容重降低0.07 g·cm-3;种植草木樨土壤0～40 cm含水量旱季增加4.18 g·kg-1,0～20 cm土壤容重降低0.05 g·cm-3;种植沙打旺土壤0～40 cm含水量增加2.46 g.kg-1,0～20 cm土壤容重降低0.18 g·cm-3。(2)种植绿肥压青,土壤有机质增加0.37 g·kg-1～0.55 g·kg-1,土壤CaCO3含量下降0.66 g·kg-1～1.36 g·kg-1,有效氮增加4.5 mg·kg-1～18.5 mg·kg-1,有效磷含量增加1.0～3.46 mg·kg-1,CEC比对照增加0.54～0.58mg.100g-1。(3)种植红豆草、草木樨、沙打旺绿肥压青对岷江柏木树高、地径生长有显著的促进作用,尤其种植红豆草的岷江柏木幼树生长最好,高、径生长为对照的1.7倍和1.6倍。     

汶川地震对岷江柏林土壤微生物群落及养分的影响

为了探索地震灾害对森林土壤肥力和微生物多样性的影响,以四川理县地震灾区不同受灾程度的岷江柏林土壤养分及细菌、古菌群落为调查对象,在受灾区选择2个典型土壤类型、7个人工岷江柏(Cupressus chenginana)林为调查对象,其中,在熊尔山调查点(山地褐土)选择1个受地震影响小的林分作为对照,3个受灾林分,在蒲溪沟调查点(山地棕壤)选择1个对照和2个受灾林分。结果表明:受地震影响,熊尔山和蒲溪沟两个研究区的p H平均值显著升高了11.5%。与对照相比,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰和有效铜的含量都出现显著下降(P0.05)。以干土计的细菌和古菌的基因拷贝数范围分别为2.42×10~7~5.81×10~7copies g~(-1)和1.77×10~6~5.66×10~6copies g~(-1),比对照降低了1~2个数量级。细菌数量高于古菌数量,而细菌和古菌均与土壤养分因子(土壤有机质,全氮,碱解氮,有效磷,速效钾,有效铁,有效锰)达到显著正相关水平,与土壤p H为极显著负相关,与有效铜含量没有显著相关关系。总之,地震破坏了土壤微生态环境,土壤细菌和古菌数量减少,土壤肥力降低,应进一步明确营养元素对土壤微生物影响的机理。     

剪股颖属植物遗传分化及系统关系的分子标记研究

剪股颖属植物形态变异大、倍性复杂、种间易于杂交,导致异名多、分类混乱。本研究采用4种分子标记技术,对包括匍茎剪股颖、巨序剪股颖及红顶草在内的7种剪股颖,共58个个体的遗传分化和系统关系进行研究。根据谱带清晰程度及多态性,筛选出9个RAPD引物、2个SSR引物、5个ISSR引物及1个SCAR标记,并建立了最适的PCR反应条件。采用最大简约法和距离法对7种剪股颖植物进行系统树分析,并用靴带检验法计算内部分支的支持率。启发式搜索得到的简约树和由UPGMA方法得到的表征树近乎相同,其中,匍茎剪股颖和红顶草构成单系类群并得到100%的置信支持。红顶草显示了匍茎剪股颖特异性特征谱带,但同时具有不同于匍茎剪股颖的遗传分化,支持将红顶草视为匍茎剪股颖一个变种的观点。对匍茎剪股颖与巨序剪股颖间的遗传分化进行了探讨。     

大渡河上游天然岷江柏木移植试验及种质资源保存

为寻找岷江柏木最佳的种质资源保存方式,以马尔康市天然起源岷江柏木为对象,从岷江柏木移植试验入手,结合已有的岷江柏木种质资源保存方法,进行了两方面研究:1)探讨了不同移植时间、不同树龄、不同修枝比例对岷江柏木移植的影响。试验共移植216株个体,1 a后成活8株,成活率3.70%。主根发达、须根偏少,土壤贫瘠且砾石含量多,移植施工的直接伤害、移植地环境难以完全相似等因素,直接影响到岷江柏木移植的成活率。2)比较了原地保护、异地移植、采种育苗、存入种质资源库等岷江柏木种质资源保护方式。提出在原地保存不可行的情况下,应优先采取采种育苗,结合入库保存等方式保护岷江柏木种质资源。     

中等径级藏柏树干的耐火性研究

在森林防火紧要期,用自行设计的装置对藏柏(Cupressus torulosa)进行了不同温度、时间作用下的树干耐火性试验,用含4%红四氮唑的溶液对高温作用后的树干韧皮部进行了染色,经勾绘、扫描后用Photoshop软件将死亡的韧皮部处理成易于计算机识别的纯色,用Visual Basic 6.0编写的程序计算了树干韧皮部的死亡率,建立了藏柏树干韧皮部死亡率与树干直径、受热温度、受热时间的关系模型。分析表明,影响藏柏树干耐火性的因子依次为受热时间、受热温度、树干直径。根据藏柏树干的耐火性提出了相应的森林消防措施。     

Genetic differences between autochthonous and breeding populations of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece

Individuals were selected for resistance against the imperfect fungus Seiridium cardinale Wag in six common cypress populations (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece. A total of 109 resistant clones and 140 trees from their base populations were surveyed at several allozyme loci. The comparison yielded information on changes in genetic variation due to artificial selection. The genetic structure of the breeding populations was similar to their base populations. Nevertheless, the number of rare alleles among the resistant clones had decreased, showing a similar trend at most loci and for most comparisons. Possible implications for breeding strategies are discussed.     

一种新的估测林木现存量数学模型的探讨

本文利用相关系数(r)和剩余标准差(SD),探讨了6种不同数学模型估测柏木人工林现存量的效果。发现方程W=a+b_1D+b_2D~1+b_3DH+b_4H+b_5H~2是估测干材、树皮、枝、叶、根、地上部分、地下部分和全株现存量的最优模型,而且普遍适用于不同立地类型、林型和年龄的林分。并且对不同器官估测效果优劣进行了比较,结论是:干材>枝>叶>树皮>根。