Sacred sites as habitats of culturally important plant species in an Indian megacity

Cultural ecosystem services related to urban green spaces contribute significantly to liveable cities. While previous studies highlight the intersection of cultural ecosystem services with societal values, spiritual or religious values associated with urban nature have received less attention. In India, as in other parts of the world, sacred sites are known for their biological richness, but analyses from urban sacred sites are largely missing. Based on a stratified random sampling approach, we analysed the cultivated and wild plant species assemblages of 69 sacred sites in the megacity of Bengaluru, India, in relation to biological and cultural features, and parameters related to the urban matrix and type of sacred sites (temple vs. katte). Unlike other urban studies, we found a dominance of native species in the cultivated and spontaneous species pools (121 species in total), with Ficus religiosa and Azadirachta indica as most frequently planted species. Culturally relevant species prevailed in the species pool (89%), with overlaps between religious (36%), medicinal (50%) and ornamental (62%) plants; only 11% of species were weeds. Urban matrix parameters (age of development, housing density) and size and type of sacred sites were related to differences in species assemblages. We identified key species for different classes of age and housing density, and for types of sacred sites. Our study demonstrates that urban sacred sites have an important potential in harbouring both native and culturally significant species that can support urban livelihoods in developing countries by a range of cultural and provisioning ecosystem services, including medicinal uses. As such sites are conserved by communities for spiritual or cultural beliefs, local biodiversity can be enhanced, e.g. by adapting management practices through community participation. This would strengthen the important contribution of sacred sites within the green infrastructure of rapidly growing megacities.     

大学"学校文化"的内涵、功能及个案分析

本文通过对学校文化内涵的阐述,分析了学校文化的主要内容,从三个方面剖析学校文化的主要功能,同时以设计和建设富有地方大学特色的学校文化的思考和实践为例,通过个案分析来作进一步的阐释。     

番荔枝品种选育和栽培生理研究进展

概述了热带果树番荔枝（Ａｎｎｏｎａ ｓｐｐ．）在选种育种和栽培生理方面的研究进展，包括种质资源，实生树和砧木选种，杂交育种，人工授粉，产期调节以及温度、水分、矿质元素等生态因子对番荔枝生长发育的影响，并就国内番荔枝研究的发展方向进行了探讨。     

生产力发展与农村居民消费观念的变迁

介绍了我国农村地区生产力水平的发展现状,2004年中央惠农政策实施以来,农村地区生产力水平得到了迅速提升,主要表现在：农村劳动力文化素质的大幅度提升;农业生产机械的保有量不断增加;生产管理和决策水平不断提高。分析了生产力发展对农村居民消费观念变迁的推动作用：夯实了农村居民消费观念改变的物质基础;改善了农村居民的消费结构;提高了农村居民消费的社会化程度。提出了培育农村地区新的消费热点的对策建议：引导农村居民树立起现代消费理念;加大政策扶植力度;引导农村居民树立健康消费理念。     

Incorporating local ecological knowledge into urban riparian restoration in a mountainous region of Southwest China

Modern cities use straightened and concrete watercourses with simple greening for riparian zones, which has been criticised for insensitivity to natural system integrity and cultural identity. This increases the challenge to urban ecologists, landscape designers and managers to conceive innovative and effective design solutions that do not jeopardise hydraulic efficiency yet are culturally acceptable to local communities. This paper introduces the field of local ecological knowledge (LEK) as rich sources of inspiration and design solutions to meet this challenge. LEK refers to knowledge and practices of various local cultures about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with their environments. Wepropose a pragmatic framework that integrates LEK with modern landscape design. It includes steps: (1) investigate existing practices, skills andmeasures relating to LEK; (2) explore how and whereLEKcan inspire or integrate withdesign. Here we propose three aspects for integration in accordance with the nature of landscaping process: overall structure, component and maintenance.(3)evaluate and test the integration in terms of its acceptability by local communities. Taking the riparian revegetation project of Hanfeng Lake Urban Wetland Park (Chongqing Municipality) as an example, we illustrate the utility of this framework. 11 local common practices relating to LEK were identified. According to thethree aspects for integration, alternative design solutions were offered. The survey showed that LEK based designwas more highly valued than other conventional ways in terms of useracceptance. We conclude that LEK provides actionable ecologically sound and culturally desirablesolutions for urbanlandscape. We also recognise that LEK evolveswith changing environments and new harmonious and dynamic human-nature relationships arecontinually re-forming. The process of acquisition and application of LEK could encourage multidisciplinary and synthetic approaches to urban ecosystems. Such adaptability and interdisciplinary engagementare crucial totoday’schanging and complexurban environments.     

文化营销在企业营销中的应用研究

文化营销就是利用企业文化力进行营销,内塑文化营销理念,外塑文化营销形象,两者在具体的市场运作中,相互融合而形成的一种营销模式。企业应正视文化营销中的问题,从观念、文化、形象三方面采取措施,利用文化营销给企业带来经济效益和社会效益。     

论禅宗思想在艺术设计中的运用

指出了“禅”从印度传入中国，与中国的传统文化相结合产生了禅宗文化。艺术设计师们运用禅宗思想进行艺术设计，使禅意设计渗透到园林、服装、陶器、家居、广告、包装等许多艺术领域。分析了禅宗思想的精神内涵和掌握禅意设计的意境营造、物象型塑、符号联想等基本手法，提出了将禅意元素运用于艺术设计，可以将艺术作品推向更高的精神境界，并最终美化我们的生活空间。     

行政事业单位改革性补贴与奖励性补贴存在的问题与对策

改革性补贴和奖励性补贴作为当前行政事业单位员工收入的组成部分,要将其纳入个人总收入水平的监管范围,在对收入总水平进行宏观调控的基础下,对其实施规范和管理。因此,如何规范改革性补贴和奖励性补贴便成为改革当前收入分配制度,规范收入分配秩序的重要工作内容之一。本论文探讨了改革性补贴与奖励性补贴在现实中存在的一些问题,并提出了相应的对策,希望对当前行政事业单位员工收入改革有所裨益。     

Single season effects of mixed-species cover crops on tomato health (cultivar Celebrity) in multi-state field trials

Cover crop use can help mitigate the deleterious effects of common cropping practices (e.g., tillage) and is, therefore, an important component of soil health maintenance. While known to be beneficial in the long-term, the short-term effects of cover crops, specifically mixed-species cover crops in organic systems are less clear. Cover crop effects on tomato productivity and disease severity were recorded over three field seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012) at sixteen field sites in three states, Maryland, New York and Ohio (MD, NY and OH), each with distinct soilborne disease pressure. Plots of five state-specific cover crop treatments were established the season prior to tomato production; the resulting plant residue was incorporated the following spring approximately four weeks before tomato planting. Total fruit yields along with early-season shoot height and fresh weight were used to compare treatment effects on productivity. Treatment disease severity ratings relied on natural inoculum. Interestingly, the effect of a single season of cover cropping on total yield was significant in no more than 25% of all site years. Similarly, cover crop effects on tomato disease levels were significant in 0–44% of the sixteen field sites. However, significant field-specific patterns were observed in every state across multiple years for some treatments. For example, in New York in 2010, tomato yields following all mixed cover crops were greater than the single rye cover crop in one field, but this pattern was reversed in the adjacent field. Thus, no general recommendation of a specific cover crop mixture can be made for near-term enhancement of tomato productivity or for reduction of disease. Therefore, growers should focus on location and operation-specific variables when choosing cover crops.     

Influence of the Expert Effect on Cultural Models

We examined hunters’ perceptions of fauna to see if expert hunters and other hunters perceive wildlife abundance similarly. We used cultural consensus analysis (CCA) to assess the knowledge of 25 hunters in the Bolivian Amazon about the abundance of 38 animals. CCA indicated highly shared beliefs among hunters concerning wildlife abundance (average agreement = .62). However, expert hunters (as judged by their reported successful hunts of rare species, having hunted recently, and consuming more game in their diet) perceived more animals as abundant than did non-experts, although they all shared the same model. Since the expert hunters did not always agree on which species was more abundant, they had low cultural knowledge scores in CCA results. These experts may be unwilling to curtail hunting efforts on key species that they perceive to be abundant.