四川乡土和引进丛生竹的生长表现及竹丛营养空间拓展分析

围绕四川竹业资源培植需求,对8个丛生竹竹(品)种引种栽培3 a的生长性状变化和适应性进行分析.从立竹胸高断面积、竹丛篼幅及冠幅的变异系数变化,探讨了竹丛生长的营养空间拓展及其立地适应性表现.结果表明,丛生竹造林3 a的生长增殖已正常地表现出丛生竹无性系种群增长及结构动态,竹林已具备资源生态经济价值.     

多效唑处理对直播油菜机械收获相关性状及产量的影响

以阳光2009与沣油520为材料,于封行期及蕾薹初期喷施不同浓度多效唑,测定倒伏、角果抗裂性及产量相关指标,研究多效唑对油菜产量和机械收获相关性状的影响,为高产及机械收获条件下油菜的多效唑调控提供技术支撑及理论依据。结果表明,不同时期多效唑处理均显著提高2个油菜品种的抗倒性、抗裂角性及产量,蕾薹初期喷施300 mg L–1多效唑后油菜抗倒与抗裂角指数增量大,封行期喷施150 mg L–1多效唑则后产量的增量大。多效唑处理降低每角果粒数,但增加油菜品种的单株角果数及千粒重,故而增加产量;且可通过增加油菜根颈粗、鲜重根冠比及抗折力降低株高和倒伏指数,提高油菜抗根倒与抗茎倒能力;通过增加角果含水量、延缓角果成熟度、增加角果皮干重提高油菜角果抗裂性。本研究认为封行期喷施150 mg L–1的多效唑是最佳喷施时期与喷施浓度,既可显著增强易倒伏而减产油菜田块的抗倒与抗裂角能力,最大幅度地提高产量,又可满足油菜机械化生产模式所需的高产、抗倒及抗裂角要求。     

毛竹节间性状及其海拔效应研究

毛竹节间长度、周长、壁厚等是影响竹材加工利用的重要秆材性状。首次报道了不同海拔区域毛竹人工林这些节间主要性状在竹秆上的分布规律及其海拔效应。试验结果表明 ,毛竹节间长度、周长和壁厚与节间数之间分别存在着抛物线、直线和对数相关关系 ,前 5 0节节长和周长均值随海拔的升高而降低 ,而壁厚随海拔升高的变化不明显     

Relationships of culm surface area to other culm dimensions for bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens

We determine the relationships of culm surface area to other culm dimensions for one of the largest bamboo species, Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houzeau de Lehaie. A total number of 150 sample culms were collected from a stand of P. pubescens in Mt. Toshima, Kumamoto Prefecture, western Japan. The culm surface area for each sample was calculated, and then the relationships of the culm surface area to basal area and product of diameter at breast height (dbh) and culm height were analyzed. The relationship between culm surface area and basal area could be described successfully by the power equation, whereas there was a linear relationship of culm surface area to product of dbh and height. Although the regression equations determined here would be useful in estimating culm surface area of P. pubescens, it is necessary to select an appropriate equation depending on the purpose and available time and labor.     

不同水直播方式水稻植株抗倒特性研究

为研究不同水直播方式水稻植株倒伏的差异,在稻麦两熟制下,以2个常规粳稻(常农粳7号、超级稻南粳44)和2个杂交粳稻品种(甬优2638、甬优7号)为试材,设置水直播点播和条播2种方式,于齐穗后30 d,研究了不同直播方式高产水稻植株地上部分各节间抗倒伏能力的差异,并对倒伏指数、抗折力与茎秆主要物理性状进行相关分析。结果表明,条播方式水稻倒伏比例较大,水稻植株基部第2,3节间抗折力和弯曲力矩,点播方式显著高于条播方式;条播方式倒伏指数显著较高。点播方式水稻株高、重心高度高于条播方式,但相对重心高度低于条播方式。点播方式水稻基部第1,2节间长度显著小于条播方式,基部3个节间的茎秆内径长均显著高于条播方式,除基部第1节间外,基部第2,3节间外径长和茎壁厚度点播方式显著高于条播方式。点播方式基部第1,2节间单位节间干质量显著高于条播方式。上述茎秆性状在不同类型品种间有较大差异。直播水稻茎秆的抗折力和倒伏指数与水稻茎秆基部节间长、茎壁厚、节间充实度等性状密切相关。点播方式水稻具有基部节间短而粗、茎壁较厚,且充实度好的特点,是其抗倒伏能力强的直接原因。     

Higher crop performance of rice hybrids than of elite inbreds in the tropics: 2. Does sink regulation,rather than sink size,play a major role?

Higher harvest index, widely reported as a main trait supporting major improvements in rice yield potential, also supports the higher performance of hybrids over inbreds. Although higher sink size is generally claimed for being the driver of higher grain filling in hybrid rice, it is relevant to question whether efficient sink regulation, that is timing and magnitude of the successive sink activities over crop growth from early stage, plays a role in supporting higher harvest index and is a key feature ensuring higher performance of hybrid rice. The partitioning coefficient (PC), as the increase in dry matter of one single organ over that of shoot, was calculated over short and successive periods to quantify the dynamics of dry matter partitioning. Four hybrid and four inbred genotypes of similar crop duration were grown under the same cropping management on the IRRI farm during a wet and a dry seasons. While PC to blade and sheath was similar for both plant types in both seasons at the early stage, PC to culm of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to blade was lower, in the late vegetative and early reproductive phases. During the late reproductive phase, PC to panicle of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to culm was lower whereas culm elongation was similar for both plant types. During grain filling, PC to culm was significantly more negative with hybrids which indicated stronger remobilization with hybrids. Specific culm length before anthesis, as low as 40 cm g⁻¹, accounted for storage ability, and at maturity, as high as 130 cm g⁻¹, for remobilization ability. Sink strength index, as a better indicator of dry matter partitioning efficiency than harvest index, and unfilled grain size, as an indicator of assimilate wastage, were suggested as key indices to account for the better sink regulation in hybrid rice and to improve screening protocols for increasing yield potential and tolerance to lodging.     

实心小麦86-741茎秆的解剖分析及壁厚特性的SSR标记

以实心小麦86-741、新疆稻麦及其杂种F₁为材料, 利用石蜡切片和SSR标记方法对86-741的实心特性进行了分析。结果表明, 实心小麦86-741茎内仅有极小髓腔, 髓腔中有髓, 机械组织中有维管束的分布; 杂种F1偏向实心亲本86-741, 有髓腔, 但髓腔的直径小于新疆稻麦, 机械组织所占的比例小于亲本86-741; 86-741维管束数最多, F₁代其次, 新疆稻麦最少。遗传分析与SSR标记结果表明, 86-741髓的有无是由双隐性基因控制的; 而其壁厚性状由位于3BL染色体上的单显性基因控制, 与SSR标记Xgwm-547的遗传距离为5.3 cM。暂将该壁厚基因定名为Cwt-1。Xgwm-547可用于辅助转育壁厚特性, 提高小麦品种的抗倒伏能力。     

毛竹竹秆碳密度的垂直分布格局

采用＂逐节取样＂法,对1、3和7年生毛竹秆竹节和节间的碳密度进行了测定。结果发现：1）竹秆竹节和节间的碳密度（g/g）分别介于0.4506-0.4757、0.4522-0.4769,竹节和节间碳密度都随竹秆高度升高而增加。1年生竹秆基部碳密度增加较慢,梢部碳密度上升较快。3年生和7年生竹秆碳密度基部和中部上升较快,梢部上升慢。1年生竹秆梢部节间的碳密度高于节的碳密度,基部节碳密度低于节间碳密度。3年生竹秆节间的碳密度均略高于节碳密度,7年生毛竹竹秆中部和梢部节间碳密度明显高于节碳密度。2）竹秆基部和中部碳密度都随竹龄的增加而升高,竹秆碳密度从1年生到3年生阶段的变化较大,而从3年生到7年生阶段的变化较小。3）按相对节数的分段方法将竹秆分成5段能得到较精确的碳密度变化趋势。     

二棱大麦茎秆性状与抗倒性关系的研究

为了给抗倒伏超高产大麦新品种选育提供科学依据，选用本所近年育成的12个高产二棱皮大麦品种(系)为材料，在生产和高产条件下研究了茎秆性状与抗倒性的关系。结果表明，12个品种的倒2、倒3和倒4节间平均倒伏指数分别为109．0、133．5和163．1；茎秆的抗折力与茎秆贮藏的干物质量呈显著正相关，与节间长呈显著负相关；从齐稳期至成熟期、乳熟期倒伏危险性最大；倒伏指数与节间长、秆长及株高呈显著正相关，与节间粗度、壁厚关系不密切。说明培育粗秆有利于孕育大穗，但要增强抗倒能力关键在于适当控制株高，增加秆的干物质积累量，促进茎秆和机械组织的发育和充实，增强茎秆弹性。     

重穗型水稻植株抗倒伏能力的研究

以18个不同穗重型水稻品种为材料，研究了重穗型水稻植株的抗倒伏能力及其与茎秆的物理性状、机械组织特性的关系。结果表明：重穗型品种单穗重大、产量高与其株高的适当增加密切相关。重穗型品种由于单穗重和株高的增加，弯曲力矩加大，但抗折力也明显提高，故而其茎秆抗倒伏能力并未降低。重穗型品种茎秆抗折力强的主要原因