Predicting the age of fish using general and generalized linear models of biometric data: A case study of two estuarine finfish from New South Wales, Australia

Direct ageing of fish can be a laborious and expensive task when age estimates from a large population are required, and often involves a degree of subjectivity. This study examined the application of general and generalized linear models that predict the age of fish from a range of efficiently and objectively measured covariates. The data sampled were from yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis (Sparidae) (Owen, 1853)) and sand whiting (Sillago ciliata (Sillaginidae) Cuvier, 1829) populations from New South Wales, Australia. The covariates evaluated in the models were fish length, otolith weight, sex and location (the estuary from which the fish were sampled). Akaike Information Criteria were used for model selection and residual plots of the final models revealed a satisfactory fit to the observations. The best fitting model for each species included all covariates. An additional investigation considered whether general and generalized linear models that predict age from two different categories of biometric information outperform age-length keys with respect to subsequent estimates of total mortality from catch-curve analysis. The two categories of biometric information differed in the ease and cost with which the information could be collected. The first category only included fish length and location as covariates, whilst the second category also included otolith weight and sex. It was found that traditional age-length keys outperformed the predictive models that estimated age from only fish length and location, because the results from the models were prone to significant bias. However, when otolith weight and sex were added as covariates to the predictive models, some of them, including a generalized linear model with a Poisson-distributed response variable, performed similarly to the age-length key. Given that otolith weight and the sex of fish are cheaper to quantify than age from a sectioned otolith in many situations, general or generalized linear models may represent a cheaper and faster method of estimating mortality compared to age-length keys. Such models can also easily incorporate the influence of spatial, temporal and demographic variation.     

毛红椿天然林优势种群的种间联结性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用方差分析,χ2统计检验,Ochiai指数,Dice指数和Cramer指数等系列技术,分别对天然毛红椿林群落乔木层树种的总体相关性,乔木层20个优势树种的种间联结显著性和关联强度进行定量的测定。结果表明:该群落多物种总体关联性为显著的正相关,但毛红椿与乔木层植物种间联结性不显著,说明毛红椿的生长与其他乔木树种间没有直接的内在联系。     

恩施不同红椿群落α多样性与种群分布格局相关分析

为研究恩施地区红椿(Toona ciliata Roem.)群落α多样性与红椿种群空间分布格局的相关性,采用样方法对恩施4个不同红椿天然群落样地进行调查。对群落α多样性指数与种群空间分布格局相关性分析表明,群落草本与灌木层α多样性指数相关性较低;草本与乔木层α多样性指数之间存在较强负相关;灌木与乔木层α多样性表现为显著或极显著正相关。红椿群落群层间α多样性与种群分布格局相关性表明,群落草本层的多样性与红椿种群分布格局间相关性较低;种群分布格局与灌木和乔木α多样性呈高度负相关。研究表明,群层间α多样性存在较为不同的相关性,可能是由于竞争中不平等的资源分配,影响红椿群落物种的演替方向;红椿群落乔灌层的α多样性指数越高,对红椿种群的分布格局影响越大,促使红椿种群分布格局趋于泊松分布。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽DNA提取及PCR检测

[目的]探索并建立悬铃木方翅网蝽总DNA提取方法。[方法]采用改良SDS法结合Silica吸附柱提取悬铃木方翅网蝽总DNA,通过分光光度法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳对获得的DNA进行浓度、纯度及质量检测。利用PCR技术,分别扩增悬铃木方翅网蝽线粒体基因细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ（COⅠ）和基因组28S基因,克隆测序。[结果]悬铃木方翅网蝽总DNA浓度为52.8μg/ml,A260/A280为2.06,琼脂糖凝胶电泳条带清晰。PCR扩增产物条带清晰特异,经克隆并测序后表明为悬铃木方翅网蝽COⅠ和28S基因。[结论]该方法可得到较纯净完整和扩增效果良好的DNA,能满足进一步分子生物学研究的需要。     

红椿天然种群分布格局尺度研究

为研究濒危物种红椿(Toona ciliata Roem.)的种群分布格局,在谷城南河流域对发现的仅有两个红椿种群(T1,T2),以相邻格子法设置5 m×5 m、3 m×3 m的样方,精确到1 m格子.通过 χ2检验、Cx的t检验、Morisita Iδ的F检验,对种群分布格局进行判断是否符合泊松分布.结果表明,T1种群在5 m×5 m、3 m×3 m样方尺度下,Cx和Iδ均为泊松分布,5 m×5 m尺度 χ2检验为集群分布,3 m×3 m尺度为Poisosn分布;干扰种群T2种群密度较大,3种检验均为集群分布.因此,分布格局满足 χ2检验的泊松分布,样方设置应注重尺度和数量;df越大,理论值与观测值更可能越接近正态分布,种群分布格局的检验更加真实可信.     

毛红椿无性系扦插繁殖试验研究

对毛红椿无性系采穗圃嫩枝进行了扦插繁殖生根试验。结果表明:(1)毛红椿无性系嫩枝扦插生根兼有愈伤组织生根和皮部生根2种生根类型,参试的10个无性系中有8个无性系以皮部生根类型为主(占参试无性系的80%),有2个无性系同时包含2种生根类型;(2)毛红椿根系效果指数以TC01无性系最高,为36.5,毛红椿无性系嫩枝生根能力与生根率之间呈显著的正相关关系;(3)在遮荫降温、农膜保湿及自然温度条件下,以6月、9月和10月上旬毛红椿嫩枝扦插生根率最高。     

红椿无性系嫩枝扦插繁殖研究

对红椿无性系采穗圃嫩枝进行扦插繁殖生根试验,结果表明：在红椿无性系嫩枝扦插繁殖试验中,发现无性系生根兼有愈伤组织生根和皮部生根2种生根类型,并且参试的22个无性系中有17个无性系以皮部生根类型为主,占参试无性系的77%,有5个无性系同时包含有2种生根类型;红椿无性系嫩枝生根能力（根系效果指数 REI）与生根率之间成显著的正相关关系;在遮荫降温、农膜保湿及自然温度条件下,以6月、9月和10月上旬红椿嫩枝扦插生根率最高。     

杭州悬铃木方翅网蝽的捕食性天敌种类及日本通草蛉幼虫捕食作用

本文调查发现杭州悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata(Say)的捕食性天敌有5科7种,主要是日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis(Okamoto)、普通草蛉Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens)和小花蝽属Orius spp..日本通草蛉幼虫对悬铃木方翅网蝽成虫、若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,捕食作用强弱为:日本通草蛉3龄幼虫捕食若虫＞日本通草蛉2龄幼虫捕食若虫＞日本通草蛉3龄幼虫捕食成虫,其对应的搜寻效率α与处理时间Th值分别为1.0141、0.5687、0.3757和0.0075、0.0121、0.0267.成虫和若虫共存时,日本通草蛉3龄幼虫喜好捕食若虫.日本通草蛉幼虫的搜寻效应随猎物密度的增加而降低.在悬铃木方翅网蝽若虫密度相同的条件下,日本通草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫随着自身密度的增大,其平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低,其捕食作用率E与自身密度P的关系分别为:E=0.3164 P-0.4700和E=0.3411 P-0.4762.日本通草蛉幼虫间存在分摊竞争.     

Pb胁迫对红椿（Toona ciliata Roem）生长发育及Pb富集特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性紫色土、钙质紫色土和冲积土上生长的一年生红椿实生苗暴露在不同浓度Pb胁迫(O、200、450mg·kg-1和2 000 mg·kg-1)条件下的叶长、叶面积、生物量、各器官Pb含量特征和富集程度,并分析了红椿对Pb污染的耐性和转移效率.3种土壤下红椿都能生长,但相同浓度Pb胁迫下其在钙质紫色土中生长状况最佳,在冲积土中生长状况最差.随Pb浓度增大红椿叶片生长受到明显抑制,当土壤中Pb浓度在2 000 mg· kg-1时,其叶长和叶面积与对照差异极显著(P＜O.01);Pb胁迫使得红椿根茎比发生明显的变化,还加大其叶的凋落程度,同时整株生物量随着Pb胁迫浓度的增大呈极显著降低趋势(P＜0.01),但在土壤Pb浓度最大时其生物量仍达到对照的81.47％以上.红椿体内Pb含量与土壤Pb浓度成正相关(P＜0.01),其6个器官中细根Pb含量最高,粗根次之,而地上部分的Pb含量较低且差异不大.红椿耐性指数值在0.67～1.06之间,表现为随Pb胁迫浓度增大,其耐性呈下降趋势.红椿富集系数与转移系数都较小且小于0.3.这些结果表明,红椿能在Pb污染较严重的土壤中较好的生存,可作为Pb污染区域潜在的土壤修复树种.     

湖北恩施种源红椿不同家系育苗试验初报

为了给湖北乡土树种红椿资源保护及开发利用提供基础数据,本研究以湖北恩施的6个红椿半同胞家系为材料,对其1年生实生苗木进行了生长量调查和分析,结果表明,6个不同红椿家系间当年生苗高、地径、叶长、叶宽、叶长宽比的差异均达到了显著水平,其中表现较好的是红椿2和3号家系.本研究取得的苗期生长数据在一定程度上客观反映了恩施红椿种源在武汉地区的适应性,可为今后武汉周边地区发展利用红椿提供良好借鉴.