养殖尾水处理系统填料生物膜氮循环微生物功能特征

为探讨填料生物膜在养殖尾水处理中对水体氮循环的影响机制,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和宏基因组测序技术,对填料生物膜、水体细菌的群落结构及其与氮循环相关的功能基因丰度差异特征进行了研究。结果显示,填料生物膜微生物主要参与氮代谢活动。在属水平上,Pseudomonas、Spirochaeta、Opitutus和Syntrophus是填料生物膜氮素转化过程的重要功能微生物类群。与水体相比,填料生物膜的碳代谢活动能力较强（P<0.05）;填料生物膜上固氮功能基因nifH、硝化功能基因hao、反硝化和异化硝酸盐功能基因napA、nirS、norB、norC、nrfA、nirB和氮代谢调控基因ntrC及其相应的关键酶均显著高于周围水体（P<0.05）,且对含氮污染物有显著去除效果。研究表明,养殖尾水处理系统内复合填料生物膜具有比周围水环境更强的氮周转能力,主要通过关键功能物种介导的固氮和反硝化作用实现养殖尾水氮素的转化和迁移。研究结果作为野外实验证据,可为复合填料生物膜系统在水产养殖尾水治理中的应用提供理论依据。     

五倍子和石榴皮对溶藻弧菌及其生物膜的体外抑制作用

[目的]明确五倍子(Rhus chinenis)、石榴皮(Folium sennae)对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)及其生物膜的体外抑制作用。[方法]采用琼脂扩散法,分别测定五倍子、石榴皮对溶藻弧菌的体外抑菌作用;选用倍比稀释法确定五倍子、石榴皮对溶藻弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);采用改良微孔板法评价2种中草药液对溶藻弧菌生物膜形成的影响。[结果]2种中草药都有不同程度的抑制溶藻弧菌的作用,五倍子对溶藻弧菌的抑菌圈直径为(16.37±0.14)mm,MIC和MBC均为6.25 mg/m L;石榴皮对溶藻弧菌的抑菌圈直径为(12.37±0.06)mm,MIC和MBC分别为12.50、25.00 mg/m L。当药物浓度在1.56 mg/m L及以上时,五倍子对溶藻弧菌生物膜的形成有极显著抑制作用;药物浓度在6.25 mg/m L及以上时,石榴皮对溶藻弧菌生物膜的形成有极显著抑制作用。[结论]五倍子和石榴皮对溶藻弧菌及其生物膜均有抑制作用。     

不同环境因素对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响

采用微量板半定量法研究影响表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成的因素,同时模拟奶牛体内环境因素,如乳糖、酪蛋白和Ca2+等,探索不同理化因素对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响,结果表明,检测的3种培养基中,胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(Typtic Soy Broth,TSB)培养基最有利于表皮葡萄球菌的生长及其生物膜的形成,且最适质量分数为3%左右;在pH中性条件下,NaCl对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜的形成有明显抑制作用;当pH大于7时,表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成能力明显减弱。在模拟奶牛体内环境因素中,一定质量分数的Ca2+(0.2%及以上)与高质量分数的乳糖(8%及以上)对生物膜形成有明显抑制作用,而外源添加酪蛋白对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成没有明显影响。     

以玉米芯为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化反应器启动性能研究

通过小试试验,研究了以玉米芯为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的生物反应器在启动阶段对污水中COD及硝酸盐的去除效果。结果表明,在模拟废水COD100 mg/L、NO3--N40 mg/L,pH值6.5～7.5条件下,13 d挂膜后间歇处理后的废水COD可降至30 mg/L,18 d挂膜后废水NO3--N降至2 mg/L以下。     

Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors

Various types of fixed film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquaculture systems under different water quality and operating conditions. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification kinetics. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical, chemical and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters upon nitrification kinetics make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application an engineering challenge. Knowing the performance of a biofilter is critical for both designers and managers. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned factors based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These factors were ranked according to their significance of impact on biofilter nitrification performance. The information presented can be used as a reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

An experimental study on nitrification biofilm performances using a series reactor system

Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration is often a key limiting water quality parameter in intensive aquaculture systems. Removing ammonia through biological filtration is thus the first objective in recirculating aquaculture system design. In this study, the performance characteristics of a steady-state nitrification biofilm were explored using a series of reactors. Four nitrification kinetics parameters were estimated using the data collected from the experimental system, including minimum TAN concentration, half saturation constant, maximum TAN removal rate and maximum specific bacterial growth rate. Experimental data showed that a minimum TAN concentration was needed to support a steady-state nitrification biofilm. For the temperature of 27.2°C, the mean minimum TAN concentration was 0.07 mg/l. For a single substrate-limiting factor, the relationship between TAN removal rate (R) and TAN concentration (S) was represented by an empirical equation [R=1859(S−0.07)/(S+1.93)]. The characteristics of nitrite oxidation were also demonstrated by the experiment system. The results of this study will help to better understand the characteristics of nitrification biofilters applied in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

Divergence of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during an outbreak of ovine mastitis

Bacterial infections causing mastitis in sheep can result in severe economic losses for farmers. A large survey of milk samples from ewes with mastitis in Sardinia, Italy, indicated an increasing prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. It has been shown previously that during chronic, biofilm-associated infections P. aeruginosa populations diversify. We report the phenotypic and genomic characterisation of two clonal P. aeruginosa isolates (PSE305 and PSE306) from a mastitis infection outbreak, representing distinct colony morphology variants. In addition to pigment production, PSE305 and PSE306 differed in phenotypic characteristics including biofilm formation, utilisation of various carbon and nitrogen sources, twitching motility. We found higher levels of expression of genes associated with biofilm formation (pelB) and twitching motility (flgD) in PSE305, compared to the biofilm and twitching-defective PSE306. Comparative genomics analysis revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and minor insertion/deletion variations between PSE305 and PSE306, including a SNP mutation in the pilP gene of PSE306. By introducing a wild-type pilP gene we were able to partially complement the defective twitching motility of PSE306. There were also three larger regions of difference between the two genomes, indicating genomic instability. Hence, we have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa population divergence can occur during an outbreak of mastitis, leading to significant variations in phenotype and genotype, and resembling the behaviour of P. aeruginosa during chronic biofilm-associated infections.     

Larval settlement of the silver- or goldlip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in response to natural biofilms and chemical cues

This paper presents the first laboratory study investigating larval settlement and metamorphosis of Pinctada maxima in response to both natural and artificial inducers. Natural biofilms induced larval settlement and the inductive effect appears to be closely associated with the bacteria in the biofilm. This result indicates that, in nature, bacteria may play an important role in the settlement of P. maxima larvae. Various pharmacological agents were also tested in this study and the results were generally similar to those found with other marine invertebrates, particularly molluscs. The results show that some pharmacological agents are potent artificial inducers of larval settlement for P. maxima. The findings of this study provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of the larval settlement of this species, which is useful information for the hatchery industry of this pearl oyster.     

循环水养殖系统生物滤器负荷挂膜技术

循环水养殖系统启动运行前往往需要经过一段时间的生物膜预培养,使生物膜达到成熟稳定,从而保证系统的水质净化功能。本研究通过养殖试验,研究了生物滤器负荷挂膜的技术方法,以期实现生物膜的快速成熟和系统的快速启动。为此,构建了6组循环水系统组成的养殖车间,建成后立即投入试验生产。试验为期120 d,养殖种类为红鳍东方鲀,初始放养平均体重(632.5±2.26)g。期间,红鳍东方鲀平均增重29.91%,养殖成活率98.7%,养殖密度由(19.34±1.89)kg/m3增加到(32.17±3.40)kg/m3,投饵率由0.2%增加到0.5%–0.7%,每日换水量由50%逐渐减至10%。结果表明,在生物膜的生长期,通过对投饵量及新水补充量的有效调节,可以把养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝氮浓度控制在安全范围以内,以保证养殖鱼类的生长。生物膜在50天左右达到完全成熟,此后便可依靠生物膜的净化作用将氨氮浓度控制在0.5?1.2 mg/L、亚硝氮浓度控制在0.2?0.5 mg/L、pH值控制在6.5–7.5、COD值低于4 mg/L、细菌总数控制在800–2100 cell/ml的安全范围内。利用生物滤器负荷挂膜技术,在合理调控水质指标的条件下,循环水养殖系统建成后可以立即投入生产,实现生物滤器挂膜与养殖生产的同步进行。