Optimal cultivar mixtures in focal plant diseases

This paper deals with a study on the effects of mixtures of partially resistant cultivars in focus forming plant diseases. The focus expansion velocity in a mixture of two partially resistant cultivars depends on four parameters, the focus expansion velocity in a crop of cultivar 1 only and in a crop of cultivar 2 only, the net-reproduction in a crop of cultivar 1 and of cultivar 2, respectively. An explicit equation is developed for the damage of a cultivar mixture where the crop is infected by two physiological races of the pathogen. It is shown that cultivar mixtures exist where damage is smaller than in crops of either of the two cultivars only. A simple explicit formula is given on the basis of which it can be decided whether an optimal mixture exists for a given pathosystem.     

Virus transmission by aphids in potato crops

This paper reviews the contribution of vector activity and plant age to virus spread in potato crops. Determining which aphid species are vectors is particularly important for timing haulm destruction to minimize tuber infection by potato virus Y (PVY). Alate aphids of more than 30 species transmit PVY, and aphids such asRhopalosiphum padi, that migrate in large numbers before flights of the more efficient vector,Myzus persicae, appear to be important vectors. Differences in methodology, aphid biotypes and virus strains prevent direct comparisons between estimates of vector efficiencies obtained for aphids in different countries in north western Europe. M. persicae is also the most efficient vector of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), but some clones ofMacrosiphum euphorbiae transmit PLRV efficiently toNicotiana clevelandii and potato test plants. The removal of infected plants early in the season prevents the spread of PLRV in cool regions with limited vector activity. The proportion of aphids acquiring PLRV from infected potato plants decreases with plant age, and healthy potato plants are more resistant to infection later in the season. Severe symptoms of secondary leafroll developed on progeny plants of cv. Maris Piper derived from mother plants inoculated with PLRV in June or July of the previous year. Progeny plants derived from mother plants inoculated in August showed only mild symptoms, but the concentration of PLRV in these plants was as high as that in the plants with severe symptoms.     

Bacterial diseases of potatoes: from classical phytobacteriology to molecular pathogenicity

Various bacterial pathogens attack potato plants and tubers. These pathogens includeErwinia, Corynebacterium (Clavibacter), Psuedomonas andStreptomyces. Over the past few years there have been significant advances in the molecular biological analysis of several of these pathogens and this is now helping us to understand the major aspects of virulence mechanisms. However, to date, such information is not sufficiently useful to allow us to intervene rationally in these potato diseases, except by the standard practises of good husbandry.     

Genetic mapping and utilization of quantitative trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato

Introgression of trichome-mediated insect resistance from the wild speciesSolanum berthaultii has become a major focus of the potato improvement program at Cornell University during the past twelve years. Several quantitative characters are involved in this resistance which is effective against a wide range of pest types. Correlative biochemical assays have been developed to assay specific components of the resistance, and the effects of the resistance on the target pests have been studied. Quantitative laboratory assays and specific measurements of insect behavior and biology have increased the precision of selection and enable the investigation of the genetic control of the resistance.We are currently using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for genetic mapping of factors controlling the trichome traits fromS. berthaultii. Backcrosses to both the wild and the cultivated species parents have been evaluated for phenotypes contributing to the resistance mechanism, including trichome density, sucrose ester and polyphenol oxidase production by the trichomes, and the enzymatic browning reaction responsible for insect entrapment. Genetic maps are being developed for these progenies, using RFLP markers previously mapped in potato. Field and greenhouse trials under insect infestations are also being conducted with the mapping progeny. Our goal is to locate genes responsible for quantitative insect resistance by correlating RFLP variation at mapped loci with the trichome phenotypes and insect resistance. Genetic markers for these traits will be useful in transfer of the effective wild chromosomal segments into and among tetraploid potatoes, and for a better understanding of the resistance mechanism.     

New genes for disease resistances through somatic hybridization

Somatic hybridization, a process of combining protoplasts from different plants, can provide new sources of disease resistances for plants. In the case of wild and cultivatedSolanum species, the hybrids express resistances from each partner in the fusion and can often be crossed with cultivars to improve agronomic characteristics of the tubers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses can provide a means for determining that the plants being investigated are actually hybrids as well as a means for following the introgression of DNA into progeny lines. These points are addressed in this paper with specific reference to somatic hybrids betweenSolanum brevidens and potato.     

昆明地区大树移植技术探讨与分析

随着昆明地区城市建设的快速发展,城市绿化规模日益扩大,大树移植被越来越多地应用到城市绿化中.为了提高大树移植后的成活率,该文探索和分析了大树移植各个环节的技术要点,以期为城市绿化中大树移植提供参考.     

人工饲粮对幼年工蜂生长发育及生理代谢的影响

本试验利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对幼年工蜂进行代谢组学分析,旨在探究不同人工饲粮对幼年工蜂生长发育及生理代谢的影响,为蜂王邮寄的人工饲粮配制提供一定理论依据.试验选取1日龄的意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)300只,分为5组,分别饲喂5种人工饲粮,每组30只工蜂.对照组饲粮:...     

基于GIS的猕猴桃电商精准营销智能分析

旨在解决传统农产品营销模式中的种植计划粗放、营销市场针对性不足、无法充分挖掘市场等问题,实现猕猴桃电商精准营销.通过互联网等途径采集历年猕猴桃电商营销情况相关数据并建立猕猴桃地理信息数据库,结合GIS的地理数据空间分析与可视化技术,对猕猴桃营销大数据进行智能分析与深度挖掘.可以实现详细的数据统计、分析与总览等,对各地区...     

野生动物非法交易犯罪案件信息特征分析

对野生动物非法交易案件进行信息特征分析,可以把握案件的发生规律,提供决策者参考,以便有针对性预防和打击犯罪,更好地保护野生动物资源。本研究应用大数据分析的方法,对野生动物非法交易犯罪案件的文本数据进行结构化处理,建立了word2vec模型。从犯罪因素的角度统计分析了本类案件的信息特征,包括侵害人的特征、作案行为特征、侵害的动物或动物制品、侵害的时间和案件发生的地点等。在梳理基本特征的基础上应用关联算法构建了关联规则。根据特征分析和关联规则,提出了开展季节性防控、对特定群体和场所进行有针对性预防、对上游下游犯罪进行联动打击、与网管等多部门合作,运用现代科技成果进行打击和防范的对策建议。     

Seismic behavior of reinforced-concrete and steel reinforced concrete ultra short columns

进行了4个钢筋混凝土(RC)超短柱、4个型钢混凝土(SRC)超短柱和6个RC分体柱的滞回性能试验研究.8个超短柱的剪跨比为1;6个分体柱的剪跨比为2.4.试验结果表明,RC超短柱的变形能力不满足现行抗震规范要求.不设剪力连接件的SRC超短柱的破坏模式为黏结破坏,与RC超短柱相比,其抗剪承载力和变形能力并无明显提高;设置剪力连接件的SRC超短柱的破坏模式为斜压破坏,其抗剪承载力和变形能力显著提高,但构件的变形能力仍然难以满足现行抗震规范要求.试验结果还表明,在RC超短柱中开缝,形成剪跨比大于2的RC分体柱,可有效提高柱子的延性和变形能力.对于RC分体柱,随轴压比的提高,构件的抗弯承载力提高,但延性和变形能力下降;当设计轴压比大于0.7时,RC分体柱的变形能力不满足现行抗震规范要求.根据试验结果,提出了SRC超短柱的剪力连接件设计方法和RC分体柱的设计建议.