长期施肥条件下菜田—蔬菜生态系统变化的研究( Ⅳ) 蔬菜生态系统的变化

 以2002 年设施番茄栽培为代表计算其N、P、K投入量与携出量之间的表观平衡状态, 其结果基本上和14.5 年后的土壤实测值与设施栽培本底值之间纵向比较的增长关系一致, 前者只能说明系统养分变化的趋势, 后者才是实际的养分盈亏状态, 养分盈亏主要取决于有机肥的施用与养分元素的供给。5个代表性处理模拟了蔬菜施肥的不同现状, 从土壤肥力及产量等方面的变化真实反映出各自的系统变化及发展趋势, 在本试验条件下以ANK施肥下的系统最优。对有机肥施用、化学肥料的配施以及测土施肥等问题进行了探讨。     

The effects of straw return on potassium fertilization rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation

In order to investigate the effects of straw return on potassium (K) fertilizer application rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation, field experiments were conducted at three sites. The results showed that when the K rate was decreased to 70% of the recommended K dosage, crop yields showed no significant decrease. With K fertilization only at rice phase, crop yields showed no marked difference compared with that provided K fertilizer both at wheat and rice seasons. Though the NH₄OAc-extracted K and HNO₃-extracted K differed slightly among the treatments, the soil apparent K balance was negative without K fertilization. With crop straw fully incorporated, the recommended K dosage could be at least reduced by 30% at the experimental sites and the K fertilizer could be applied only at rice phase. A further hypothesis can be made that the best K rate was the amount of K took away by crop grain. In the long run, straw return combined with K fertilization would be an effective method to maintain soil K fertility and productivity.     

植物源乳酸菌对断奶仔猪日粮表观消化率及消化道内容物特性的影响

试验利用植物源乳酸菌,对断奶仔猪日粮中养分表观消化率及消化道内容物特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,仔猪日粮中添加植物源乳酸菌可分别提高干物质、粗蛋白、能量、粗脂肪、钙、磷等的表观消化率;降低消化道pH,增加肠道乳酸菌的数量,可弥补仔猪胃酸分泌不足。同时,还可减少消化道盲肠和结肠内大肠杆菌的数量,改善动物消化道微生态平衡。     

HPLC法测定大豆苷元的平衡溶解度和表观油水分配系数

[目的]测定大豆苷元在各种溶剂中的平衡溶解度以及在正辛醇-水和正辛醇-缓冲液体系中的表观油水分配系数。[方法]采用HPLC法测定大豆苷元的浓度,采用摇瓶法测定大豆苷元的表观油水分配系数。[结果]25℃大豆苷元在水中的平衡溶解度为0.89mg/L。在碱性磷酸盐缓冲液中的平衡溶解度较酸性磷酸盐缓冲液中高;大豆苷元的表观油水分配系数Papp为191.3（1gPapp=2.28）。[结论]大豆苷元的水溶性较差,提高其口服制剂的溶出度有利于提高其生物利用度。     

遮阴对狼尾草光合特征的影响

[目的]为狼尾草栽培技术的优化及其在园林中的正确应用提供理论依据。[方法]采用LI-6400XT便携式光合系统分析仪测定0（对照）、25%、50%和75%遮荫处理下狼尾草（Pennisetum alopecuroides）的叶片光合参数,并测定叶片叶绿素含量与比叶重。[结果]全光照狼尾草的光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）分别为37.24和1892.42μmol/m^2·s。遮荫25%、50%、75%处理的狼尾草LCP较全光照分别降低了11.39%、29.11%和63.16%,差异显著,而其表观量子效率（AQY）、LSP、最大净光合速率（Pmax）基本没受影响。遮荫25%、50%、75%处理的狼尾草叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量分别较对照增加了48.25%、72.22%和53.07%。遮荫75%处理的比叶重较全光照降低了29.50%。[结论]狼尾草能适应一定的弱光环境,但75%遮荫会显著降低其光合效率,影响其正常生长。     

不同施氮量对黄河上游地区设施芹菜产量及土壤中NO3- N残留的影响

针对宁夏灌区设施蔬菜生产中氮肥施用过量,造成土壤含盐量过高,土壤次生盐渍化加剧,进行土壤-芹菜系统的氮素单因子田间试验。结果表明,在一定范围内(0～30kg/667m2)增施氮肥,芹菜的维生素C含量提高,芹菜产量亦随施氮量增加而增加,而施氮水平高于30kg/667m2,维生素C含量会逐渐降低,产量也下降;施氮量为30kg/667m2时,芹菜维生素C含量、产量及植株氮素表观利用率均为最高;土壤硝态氮含量,一方面随着土层深度的增加,呈现显著下降的趋势;另一方面在同一土层内随着施氮量的增加,土壤中硝态氮含量逐渐增加。综合经济效益和生态效益,提出黄河上游地区设施芹菜氮素的优化目标供应值为30kg/667m2。     

植酸酶对0～3周樱桃谷鸭生长性能、钙、磷表观存留率影响

为了在负对照组 (钙、磷水平各减少 0 .1 % )日粮基础上添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长、钙、磷表观存留率的影响 ,用 64只 1日龄樱桃谷鸭进行试验 ,按体重随机分为 4组 ,代谢期 6天。试验组鸭分别添加植酸酶 30 0和 50 0PU/kg。结果表明 :添加植酸酶显著提高试鸭的日采食量、日增重、钙、磷的表观存留率 ,植酸酶可以部分替代磷酸氢钙     

Resistance to early blight of tomato with respect to various parameters of disease epidemics

Resistance to early blight in the tomato was assessed by examining various parameters of the progress of the disease. Artificial inoculation and the scoring technique were standardized. Test plants were inoculated with 125cfu/ml of a 12-day-old culture of a pathogenic isolate of Alternaria solani. Screening under artificial conditions was more informative than that under natural epidemic conditions. Tomato cultivars CLN-2071-C, CLN-2070-A, BSS-174, and DTH-7 with resistance expressed as slow blighting against four pathogenic isolates of A. solani, were selected for cultivation in disease-prone areas. Disease intensity increased with the age of plants under the same inoculum load. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was positively correlated with the percentage disease index and negatively with resistance. Calculation of the apparent infection rate (r) was more informative for natural epidemics than for artificial conditions. The sequential apparent infection rate between observation periods was better correlated with disease progress than was the total apparent infection rate between the first and last observations. A double sigmoidal disease progress curve during the same cropping season was characteristic of some varieties when fungal infection took place during the vegetative phase of crop growth.     

Influence of low phosphorus intake during early lactation on apparent digestibility of phosphorus and bone metabolism in dairy cows

In this study, the effects of reducing the dietary phosphorus (P) supply during the first 4 months of lactation on P balance and bone metabolism were investigated in dairy cows during a full lactation, including the dry period. Twenty-two multiparous cows of the Swedish Red and White Breed were included in the experiment. Eleven cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.43% of DM during the whole lactation (NP), and 11 cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.32% of DM during the first 4 months of lactation, followed by 0.43% of DM during the rest of lactation (LP). Total collection of faeces was carried out during five different stages of lactation, for 5 consecutive days at each occasion. The dynamics of bone metabolism was investigated by monitoring one bone-formation marker, identifying osteocalcin (OC), and one bone-resorption marker identifying C-telopeptide fragments of collagen type I (CTx) in blood plasma. At the two first collection periods, 3–7 and 11–15 weeks after parturition, the apparent digestibility of P was higher in the LP cows (52%) than in the NP cows (42%). During the following collection periods, no difference in the apparent digestibility could be noted between the two groups of cows. Phosphorus retention did not differ between treatments at any collection period. The highest retention was observed during late lactation and during the dry period. The profiles of the bone metabolism markers indicated a net resorption of bone during early lactation, but there were no differences in marker concentrations between the groups during early lactation, indicating that the LP diet did not induce a further elevated net bone resorption.