植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ对实验性动物高胆固醇血症影响的研究

在建立试验用高胆固醇血症大鼠模型的基础上,观察用植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ制成的三个不同剂量的ST-Ⅲ活性乳对大鼠血脂水平的影响。动物实验表明:三个剂量的ST-Ⅲ活性乳均可显蓍降低大鼠血清胆固醇(TC)的含量(P<0.01),但对甘油三酯(TG)的降低作用不显著(P>0.05)。高剂量的ST-Ⅲ活性乳可显著提高大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)含量(P<0.01)。因此认为ST-Ⅲ活性乳具有辅助降血脂的功能,特别对高胆固醇血症具有良好的功效。     

Can treatment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachiaria decumbens</Emphasis> (signal grass) improve its utilisation in the diet in small ruminants?—a review

Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant.     

Genomic characterization of the first oral avian papillomavirus in a colony of breeding canaries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Serinus canaria</Emphasis>)

Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped, DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa of a wide variety of vertebrates, causing neoplasias or simply persisting asymptomatically. Avian papillomaviruses, with six fully sequenced genomes, are the second most studied group after mammalian papillomaviruses. In this study, we describe the first oral avian papillomavirus, detected in the tongue of a dead Yorkshire canary (Serinus canaria) and in oral swabs of the same bird and other two live canaries from an aviary in Madrid, Spain. Its genome is 8,071 bp and presents the canonical papillomavirus architecture with six early (E6, E7, E1, E9, E2, E4) and two late open reading frames (L1 and L2) and a long control region between L1 and E6. This new avian papillomavirus L1 gene shares a 64% pairwise identity with FcPV1 L1, so it has been classified as a new species (ScPV1) within the Ethapapillomavirus genus. Although the canary died after showing breathing problems, there is no evidence that the papillomavirus caused those symptoms so it could be part of the oral microbiota of the birds. Hence, future investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the virus.     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices towards <Emphasis Type="Italic">cystic echinococcosis</Emphasis> in livestock among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda

A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013 to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated (p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs. Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore, public health education and formulation of policies towards its control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.     

日本北海道北部寒温带森林流域林冠层凋落物及其养分归还量的景观格局(英文)

Within a forested watershed at the Uryu Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University in northern Hokkaido, overstory litterfall and related nutrient fluxes were measured at different landscape zones over two years. The wetland zone covered with Picea glehnii pure stand. The riparian zone was deciduous broad-leaved stand dominated by Alnus hirsuta and Salix spp., while the mixture of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen conifer dominated by Betula platyphylla, Quercus crispula and Abies sachalinensis distributed on the upland zone. Annual litterfall averaged 1444, 5122, and 4123 kg.hm^-2·a^-1 in the wetland, riparian and upland zones, respectively. Litterfall production peaked in September-October, and foliage litter contributed the greatest amount （73.4%-87.6 %） of the annual total litterfall. Concentrations of nutrients analyzed in foliage litter of the dominant species showed a similar seasonal variation over the year except for N in P glehnii and A. hirsuta. The nutrient fluxes for all elements analyzed were greatest on riparian zone and lowest in wetland zone. Nutrient fluxes via litterfall followed the decreasing sequence： N （11-129 kg.hm-2.aq） 〉 Ca （9-69） 〉 K （5-20） 〉 Mg （3-15） 〉 P （0.4-4.7） for all stands. Significant differences were found in litterfall production and nutrient fluxes among the different landscape components. There existed significant differences in soil chemistry between the different landscape zones. The consistently low soil C：N ratios at the riparian zone might be due to the higher-quality litter inputs （largely N-fixing alder）.     

Concentration variations of several ions in stream after a wildfire

In May 2006, a high intensity wildfire occurred in Songling forest region in Daxing＇an Mountains, China. The concentration changes of eight ions （K^＋, Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Cl^-, Br^-, NO3^- and SO4^2-） were measured in burned and tmbumed streams after fire from May to Oct., 2006. Results show that the most ions flux were higher in burned stream than that in unburned stream during the sampling period, and the greatest concentrations of most ions transported from burned stream occurred in July. After fire, the most amplitude chemical ion was Ca^2＋, whose average concentration was 5.50 mg·L^-1 higher than that in unburned stream, and the total concentration of every chemical ion presents a trend Ca^2＋〉SO4^2- 〉Na^＋〉Mg^2＋〉NO3^- . The average concentrations of Ca^2＋, SO4^2- , Na^＋＇Mg^2＋,NO3^- showed an increase trend, but those of K^＋, Cl^- , Br had a decreased trend. SO4^2- had the largest loss among these anions, followed by NO3^-. Overall, the increase degree of cation was greater than that of anion after burning.     

白蚁消化纤维素机理研究进展

白蚁利用自身及体内共生微生物分泌的纤维素酶降解食物中的纤维素成分,来满足新陈代谢需要.据美国国家生物技术信息中心GenBank数据库统计,目前已有4科6属9种白蚁及其体内共生物的纤维素酶基因被克隆测序.同源性分析表明,白蚁及其共生物编码内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶的基因,在序列上有较高的相似性.     

棉花叶片茸毛性状与绿盲蝽抗性的关系

为明确棉花叶片茸毛性状与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系,于2008-2009年连续两年系统研究了不同供试棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平,并在室内测定了棉花中脉和叶片上茸毛的类型、密度和长度.结果表明,不同棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在差异;且不同棉花品种(系)叶片各类型茸毛密度和茸毛长度分别表现显著差异(P<0.05);叶片茸毛密度与棉花对绿盲蝽的抗性呈显著负相关(y=3.5482-0.0007x1-0.0089x2,R2=0.5741,P=0.0007),叶片茸毛类型和茸毛长度与棉花对绿盲蝽的抗性没有显著相关性.选育叶片无毛或少毛的棉花品种(系)可用于棉花绿盲蝽的治理.     

铅胁迫对澳洲坚果幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

为探究澳洲坚果（Macadamia integrifolia）对土壤铅胁迫的耐受性,以3年生澳洲坚果实生苗为材料,研究不同浓度铅处理下（0、200、400、800、1 200、1 600和2 000 mg/kg）澳洲坚果幼苗生长及生理特性的变化。结果表明,除地径增量和可溶性糖含量外,铅浓度对澳洲坚果幼苗生长及生理特性均影响极显著。随铅浓度升高,幼苗株高和地径增量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量及SOD和POD活性均呈先升后降的趋势;可溶性糖含量呈先降后升的趋势;MDA含量逐渐上升。澳洲坚果幼苗对1 200 mg/kg以下的铅胁迫有一定抗性;1 200 mg/kg以上会对其造成毒害,抑制其生长。     

微酸性电解水对受鸡粪液污染鸡蛋表面沙门氏菌的喷雾消毒效果

为验证仅采用微酸性电解水（Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water,SAEW）对污染鸡粪液鸡蛋进行喷雾清洗和消毒,能否缓解鸡粪等有机物对消毒效果干扰问题,同时找出最佳有效氯浓度和消毒时间。该研究采用喷雾方式,按先清洗后消毒的流程对比双蒸水（H2O）+H2O组（清洗和消毒都用灭菌过的H2O）、碱性电解水（Electronized Reduced Water,ERW）+ERW组（清洗和消毒都用ERW）、H2O+SAEW组（先用灭菌过的H2O清洗,再用SAEW消毒）、ERW+SAEW组（先用ERW清洗,再用SAEW消毒）、SAEW+SAEW组（清洗和消毒都用SAEW）等方式对污染鸡粪液鸡蛋表面沙门氏菌的杀灭效果,并采用多元非线性回归拟合杀菌模型,评估了有效氯浓度和消毒时间对SAEW+SAEW组和ERW+SAEW组的影响。结果发现,仅采用SAEW对污染鸡粪液的鸡蛋进行喷雾杀菌方式,可有效避免鸡粪液对SAEW杀菌效果干扰,当采用SAEW（ACC (Available Chlorine Concentration)= 25 mg/L）进行喷雾清洗和消毒,清洗时间10 s,消毒时间18 s时,可完全杀灭污染鸡粪液鸡蛋表面沙门氏菌,杀菌值达到6.26 lg cfu/个;SAEW+SAEW组模型决定系数和调整决定系数分别为0.933和0.930,ERW+SAEW组分别为0.926和0.923;验证试验中,SAEW+SAEW组和ERW+SAEW组实际值和预测值的相关系数分别为0.97和0.95;模型成立,该研究可为SAEW在鸡蛋消毒中的应用提供参考。