甜瓜(Cucumis melo)基因目录

１９９８年在国际葫芦科遗传协会年报（ＣＧＣ Ｒｅｐｏｒｔ）第 ２１期发表了最新的一份甜瓜基因目录,它包括１２０个基因,特全文翻译出来,供读者参考。     

Production,chemical composition,and fatty acid profile of milk from buffaloes fed with cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) cake and murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) cake in the Eastern Amazon

The objective was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation using by-products of the Amazonian industry on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy buffaloes. Twelve lactating buffaloes (544.5 ± 35.6 kg, 6.4 ± 2.2 years old, 59 ± 6 days in milk) were allotted in a pasture of Mombaça grass and managed under rotational grazing (4 days occupancy/28 days rest). A 3 × 3 Latin square was adopted, and each animal alternately received three supplementary treatments based on corn bran + soybean meal or cupuaçu cake or murumuru cake for 21 days per treatment. Murumuru cake increased the levels of lauric acid and myristic acid in the milk (p < 0.05). Murumuru cake reduced the unsaturated fatty acid contents in the milk compared with animals fed control diet or cupuaçu cake (24.27% vs. 25.24% vs. 25.08%). The n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.6, 1.97, and 2.0 in the control, cupuaçu, and murumuru groups, respectively. Based on this parameter, cakes made from cupuaçu as well as murumuru could be considered to be adequate for inclusion in dairy water buffalo feed. However, the murumuru cake addition requires some caution because its use induces the secretion of higher levels of lauric and myristic fatty acids that are related to human cardiovascular disease.     

Evaluation of the Potential of Lipid-Extracted Chlorella vulgaris Residue for Yarrowia lipolytica Growth at Different pH Levels

Projections show that the cultivation of microalgae will extend to the production of bio-based compounds, such as biofuels, cosmetics, and medicines. This will generate co-products or residues that will need to be valorized to reduce the environmental impact and the cost of the process. This study explored the ability of lipid-extracted Chlorella vulgaris residue as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for growing oleaginous yeasts without any pretreatment. Both wild-type Yarrowia lipolytica W29 and mutant JMY3501 (which was designed to accumulate more lipids without their remobilization or degradation) showed a similar growth rate of 0.28 h⁻¹ at different pH levels (3.5, 5.5, and 7.5). However, the W29 cell growth had the best cell number on microalgal residue at a pH of 7.5, while three times fewer cells were produced at all pH levels when JMY3501 was grown on microalgal residue. The JMY3501 growth curves were similar at pH 3.5, 5.5, and 7.5, while the fatty-acid composition differed significantly, with an accumulation of α-linolenic acid on microalgal residue at a pH of 7.5. Our results demonstrate the potential valorization of Chlorella vulgaris residue for Yarrowia lipolytica growth and the positive effect of a pH of 7.5 on the fatty acid profile.     

Accumulation and extractability of grape skin tannins and anthocyanins at different advanced physiological stages

Quantitative and qualitative modifications of tannins and anthocyanins in grape skin were investigated at different dates of harvest, from berries sorted on the basis of their density. Free anthocyanins accumulated until 170 g/L of sugars in pulp before undergoing a slight decrease. Changes in anthocyanin composition were observed with increasing sugar levels in the pulp that reflected structural differences between classes of anthocyanins. The proportion of methoxylated anthocyanins continued to increase in the skin as sugar accumulated while the proportion of coumaroylated anthocyanins initially increased (up to 200 g/L of sugars in the pulp) and then rapidly decreased. In comparison, no major quantitative nor qualitative change was observed for tannins, except for a slight increase of the mean degree of polymerization. Whatever the physiological stage of the pulp, the extraction yield of skin phenolics into hydroalcoholic solution for 5 h was lower than 77% for anthocyanins and 38% for proanthocyanidins. For both classes of compounds, no clear evolution in these extraction yields could be observed as sugars accumulated in pulp (from 162.6 to 275.0 g/L). Nevertheless, some structural features within each family of compounds significantly influenced extractability, for example, a lower extraction yield for coumaroylated anthocyanins and for tannins with a high degree of polymerization. Finally, no direct relationship could be found in extraction media between the amounts of all red pigments (measured in acidic conditions) and the color intensity at 520 nm (measured in wine-like model solutions).     

Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

Update on vaccination of cattle and wildlife populations against tuberculosis

A recombinant bovine herpesvirus 5 lacking thymidine kinase and glycoprotein E genes (BoHV-5gEΔTKΔ) was evaluated as a live experimental vaccine. In a first experiment, ten-months-old calves were vaccinated intramuscularly (n=9) or remained as controls (n=8) and 42 days later were challenged with BoHV-5 or BoHV-1 intranasally. The four control calves challenged with BoHV-5 developed severe depression and neurological signs and were euthanized in extremis at days 13 and 14 pos-infection (pi); the five vaccinated animals challenged with BoHV-5 remained healthy. The titers of virus shedding were reduced (p<0.01) from days 3 to 7 post-infection (pi) in vaccinated animals. Control and vaccinated calves challenged with BoHV-1 presented mild transient respiratory signs; yet the magnitude of virus shedding was reduced (p<0.05) in vaccinated animals (days 5, 9 and 11pi). In a second experiment, young calves (100-120 days-old) were vaccinated (n=15) or kept as controls (n=5) and subsequently challenged with a BoHV-1 isolate. Control calves developed moderate to severe rhinitis and respiratory distress; two were euthanized in extremis at days 5 and 9 pi, respectively. In contrast, vaccinated animals were protected from challenge and only a few developed mild and transient nasal signs. The duration and titers of virus shedding after challenge were reduced (p<0.05) in vaccinated animals comparing to controls. In both experiments, vaccinated animals developed antibodies to gE only after challenge. These results demonstrate homologous and heterologous protection and are promising towards the use of the recombinant BoHV-5gEΔTKΔ in vaccine formulations to control BoHV-5 and BoHV-1 infections.     

Optimization of conditions for in vitro production of radical oxygen species and expression of tissue factor by canine mononuclear cells and granulocytes for use in high-throughput assays

The purpose of this study was to optimize conditions for high throughput measurement of radical oxygen species (ROS) production and expression of tissue factor, also termed procoagulant activity, by canine leukocytes. Granulocytes and mononuclear cells were separated by density gradient centrifugation from peripheral blood collected on several occasions from three healthy large breed dogs. To determine optimal conditions for ROS production, granulocytes were incubated for 1 or 3h in PBG (PBS containing 0.5% BSA and 5mM glucose) or RPMI containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS); lipopolysaccharide (LPS), zymosan, peptidoglycan (PGN) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were used as stimuli. ROS was assessed by conversion of the nonfluorescent dye dihydrorhodamine 123 to fluorescent rhodamine 123 by radical species released into the media. To identify optimal conditions for expression of tissue factor, mononuclear cells were incubated for 5h in RPMI containing different concentrations of heat-inactivated FBS (HI-FBS), and LPS, zymosan, PGN or PMA as stimuli. Expression of tissue factor was determined using a one-stage recalcification assay performed in an automated nephelometric coagulation analyzer. Neither LPS nor zymosan increased ROS production by granulocytes incubated in PBG media. In contrast, granulocytes incubated in RPMI had dose-dependent increases in ROS production in response to zymosan and PGN. ROS production was significantly increased by incubation with concentrations of LPS of 0.01microg/ml or greater, and by zymosan concentrations of 0.1microg/ml or greater. ROS production in response to incubation with PMA was significantly increased starting at 10(-7)M, and was significantly greater for cells incubated in RPMI than cells incubated in PBG. LPS-, zymosan- and PGN-stimulated procoagulant activity increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas PMA-stimulated procoagulant activity peaked at 10(-7)M. Increasing concentrations of HI-FBS significantly increased LPS-, zymosan- and PGN-induced procoagulant activity of mononuclear cells. Results obtained in this study indicate production of ROS by canine granulocytes is optimal when these cells are incubated for 3h in RPMI with LPS (0.1microg/ml), zymosan (10 microg/ml), PGN (10 microg/ml), and PMA (10(-7)M). Furthermore, canine mononuclear cells express procoagulant activity in response to LPS, zymosan, PGN, and PMA, and responses to LPS, zymosan and PGN are enhanced by the addition of HI-FBS. These findings suggest that HI-FBS retains important serum proteins that facilitate interactions between each of these bacterial or yeast derived products and the mononuclear cells. Consequently, future studies regarding the regulation of procoagulant activity by canine mononuclear cells should be performed in the presence of HI-FBS. Both assays utilized in this study allow high throughput of samples, and therefore are appropriate choices for rapid screening of conditions and/or therapeutic interventions affecting the canine inflammatory system.     

The gamma-interferon test: its usefulness in a bovine tuberculosis survey in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park

A survey to determine the bovine tuberculosis status of buffalo herds north of the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park was conducted, using a new diagnostic approach. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection was accomplished using the gamma-interferon assay technique in 608 adult buffaloes out of a total of 29 discreet herds. The animals were immobilized in groups of 10-15, bled, individually marked and then revived and released on site. As soon as test results were available (after 26-36 h), the same buffalo herd was relocated by tracking the frequency of a radio-collar previously fitted to one adult cow per group during the initial operation. Bovine reactors were identified, darted and euthanased from the helicopter. Necropsy and culture findings of all culled buffaloes showed excellent correlation with the results of the ante-mortem gamma-interferon test. The survey revealed that over and above the two positive herds that had been identified during a previous survey carried out in 1996, there were three additional, but previously unidentified, infected herds in the region north of the Olifants River.