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Krishona Lynn Martinson Thomas Bartholomay Kathleen P. Anderson Christine Skelly Elizabeth Greene 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2012
Evaluation has become a more significant component of planning and delivering extension programs, as federal partners and granting agencies are requesting information on program and integrated grant outcomes, including participant learning gains, behavior change, and program-generated impacts. Effective evaluation of equine extension programs involves a balance between asking enough well-designed questions to obtain desired information and keeping the evaluation tool brief enough to encourage participant completion. For most faculties, the difficulty with evaluation lies in developing appropriate and useful questions. The objective of this article was to share examples of questions successfully used to evaluate six key equine extension program areas: participant demographics, program logistics, participant behavior change, participant knowledge gain, teaching effectiveness, and program impact. Data generated by postprogram evaluations can be a source of statistically sound information that can be shared with administration, stakeholders, and granting agencies. Extension personnel can use evaluation data to improve planning and delivery of extension programs and to demonstrate teaching ability and program impacts. 相似文献
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Arensburger P Megy K Waterhouse RM Abrudan J Amedeo P Antelo B Bartholomay L Bidwell S Caler E Camara F Campbell CL Campbell KS Casola C Castro MT Chandramouliswaran I Chapman SB Christley S Costas J Eisenstadt E Feschotte C Fraser-Liggett C Guigo R Haas B Hammond M Hansson BS Hemingway J Hill SR Howarth C Ignell R Kennedy RC Kodira CD Lobo NF Mao C Mayhew G Michel K Mori A Liu N Naveira H Nene V Nguyen N Pearson MD Pritham EJ Puiu D Qi Y Ranson H Ribeiro JM Roberston HM Severson DW Shumway M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6000):86-88
Culex quinquefasciatus (the southern house mosquito) is an important mosquito vector of viruses such as West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus, as well as of nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis. C. quinquefasciatus is one species within the Culex pipiens species complex and can be found throughout tropical and temperate climates of the world. The ability of C. quinquefasciatus to take blood meals from birds, livestock, and humans contributes to its ability to vector pathogens between species. Here, we describe the genomic sequence of C. quinquefasciatus: Its repertoire of 18,883 protein-coding genes is 22% larger than that of Aedes aegypti and 52% larger than that of Anopheles gambiae with multiple gene-family expansions, including olfactory and gustatory receptors, salivary gland genes, and genes associated with xenobiotic detoxification. 相似文献
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Waterhouse RM Kriventseva EV Meister S Xi Z Alvarez KS Bartholomay LC Barillas-Mury C Bian G Blandin S Christensen BM Dong Y Jiang H Kanost MR Koutsos AC Levashina EA Li J Ligoxygakis P Maccallum RM Mayhew GF Mendes A Michel K Osta MA Paskewitz S Shin SW Vlachou D Wang L Wei W Zheng L Zou Z Severson DW Raikhel AS Kafatos FC Dimopoulos G Zdobnov EM Christophides GK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5832):1738-1743
Mosquitoes are vectors of parasitic and viral diseases of immense importance for public health. The acquisition of the genome sequence of the yellow fever and Dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Aa), has enabled a comparative phylogenomic analysis of the insect immune repertoire: in Aa, the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Ag), and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Analysis of immune signaling pathways and response modules reveals both conservative and rapidly evolving features associated with different functional gene categories and particular aspects of immune reactions. These dynamics reflect in part continuous readjustment between accommodation and rejection of pathogens and suggest how innate immunity may have evolved. 相似文献
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Research on mosquito chemical repellents continues to advance, along with knowledge of mosquito olfaction and behavior, mosquito–host interactions and chemical structure. New tools and technologies have revealed information about insect olfactory mechanisms and processing, providing a more complex approach for the interpretation of how chemical repellents influence host‐seeking and feeding behavior. Even with these advances, there is still a large amount of information contained in the early works on insect repellents. Many of the standard test methods and chemicals that are still used for evaluating active repellents were developed in the 1940s. These studies contain valuable references to the activity of different structural classes of chemicals, and serve as a guide to optimization of select compounds for insect repellency effects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Bartholomay LC Waterhouse RM Mayhew GF Campbell CL Michel K Zou Z Ramirez JL Das S Alvarez K Arensburger P Bryant B Chapman SB Dong Y Erickson SM Karunaratne SH Kokoza V Kodira CD Pignatelli P Shin SW Vanlandingham DL Atkinson PW Birren B Christophides GK Clem RJ Hemingway J Higgs S Megy K Ranson H Zdobnov EM Raikhel AS Christensen BM Dimopoulos G Muskavitch MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6000):88-90
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