The peroxisomal matrix shuttling receptor Pex5 plays a role in FB1 production and virulence in Fusarium verticillioides

The peroxisomal matrix oxidase,catalase and peroxidase are imported peroxisomes through the shuttling receptors,which regulates the cellular oxidative homeostasis and function.Here,we report that PTS1 shuttling receptor FvPex5 is involved in the localization of PTS1,utilization of carbon sources and lipids,elimination ROS,cell wall stress,conidiation,fumonisin B₁(FB₁) production,and virulence in maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides.Significantly,differential expression o...     

Role of underground parts of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi) in its sensitivity to thenylchlor in soil

In the present study, the phytotoxic activity of top-soil applied with thenylchlor [2-chloro- N -(3-methoxy-2-thieny)-2',6'-dimethylacetanilide] on the growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was dependent on the emergence depth in soil but its activity on barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi) was only slightly affected by the emergence depth. However, the phytotoxic activity on barnyardgrass and rice was similar irrespective of the different emergence depths in its treatment to all soil layers. Thenylchlor treatment to the mesocotyl of barnyardgrass induced significant inhibition of shoot elongation, whereas the treatment to the coronal root only inhibited the coronal elongation without inhibiting shoot elongation. Absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-thenylchlor in barnyardgrass were determined in water culture. The different amounts of radioactivity per plant among the treatments to the underground parts were due to the plant part that came in contact with ¹⁴C-thenylchlor. The radioactivity per dry weight was found to be higher in the basal part of the shoot than in its upper part in all treatments to the underground parts. It was suggested that the phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor on the growth of barnyardgrass in soil is induced by its accumulation in the basal part of the shoot through translocation. This primarily occurs after the absorption substantially by the mesocotyl from the herbicide-treated layer and additionally by other underground parts.     

Effects of salt stress on ion accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing

The effects of salt stress on physiological factors, such as inorganic ion absorption and antioxidative enzyme activities, of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Anapurna) and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing were investigated. Although having similar morphology, rice and E. oryzicola possessed considerably different salt-tolerance mechanisms. Echinochloa oryzicola was more salt-tolerant than rice. When exposed to salt stress (100 mmol L⁻¹ sodium chloride, NaCl; six days), E. oryzicola had the ability to limit the accumulation of sodium ions (Na⁺), maintained high potassium ion (K⁺) content and had a constantly higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio than rice. Rice was not effective in limiting Na⁺ absorption but had a higher antioxidative capacity than E. oryzicola . The constitutive activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase of rice were three and five times higher than that of E. oryzicola, respectively. Induced activities of SOD, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were also higher in rice than in E. oryzicola . The high antioxidative capacity was one of the tolerance mechanisms used by rice to cope with salt stress. Therefore, the salt tolerant-mechanisms are different between the two plants.     

Effect of Silicon on Arsenic Concentration and Speciation in Different Rice Tissues

Rice is a major source of inorganic arsenic (As) exposure for billions of people worldwide. Therefore, strategies to reduce As accumulation in rice should be adopted. Silicon (Si) application can effectively mitigate As accumulation in rice. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to investigate the effect of Si on As speciation and distribution in different rice tissues. The results showed that Si addition significantly increased As and Si concentrations in soil solution and Si concentration in iron plaque formed around rice root surface, whereas As in the iron plaque was significantly decreased. Total As concentrations in the stem, leaf, husk, and brown rice were remarkably decreased by 51.9%, 31.9%, 33.8%, and 24.1%, respectively, after Si addition, and inorganic As concentrations were reduced by 52.3%, 35.5%, 50.1%, and 20.1%, respectively. Moreover, both dimethylarsinic acid concentration and percentage in rice grain were significantly elevated by Si application. Therefore, Si application is promising as a way to mitigate inorganic As accumulation in rice and to reduce consumer health risk.     

Marker-Assisted Introgression of Quantitative Resistance Gene pi21 Confers Broad Spectrum Resistance to Rice Blast

The quantitative resistance gene pi21 from Sensho was introgressed to an indica breeding line IR63307-4B-13-2, a pyramiding line IRBB4/5/13/21, and a tropical japonica line Kinandang Patong by marker-assisted backcrossing. A total of 192 improved lines at the BC_4F_3 and BC_4F_4 generations were developed and confirmed to have the gene introgression via genotyping using a pi21-specific In Del marker. Thirteen randomly selected improved lines, representing all the three genetic backgrounds, demonstrated resistance against leaf blast composites in the field and a broader spectrum resistance against individual isolates compared to the recurrent parents in the glasshouse. Specifically, the tested lines exhibited pi21-acquired resistance against 11 leaf blast isolates that elicited susceptible reactions from the recurrent parents. All the tested lines maintained a comparative heading date, and similar or improved panicle length, number of primary branches per panicle and number of total grains per panicle relative to the recurrent parents. The physical grain characteristics of the recurrent parents were also maintained in the 13 lines tested, although variability in the amylose content and chalkiness degree was observed. The successful marker-assisted introgression of pi21 in diverse genetic backgrounds and the resulting broader spectrum resistance of improved lines against leaf blast indicate the potential of pi21 for deployment in cultivars grown across other rice growing regions in Asia.     

Pharmacokinetics and milk distribution characteristics of orbifloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular injection in lactating ewes

The purpose of the current investigation is to elucidate the pharmacokinetic profiles of orbifloxacin (OBFX) in lactating ewes (n = 6) following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administrations of 2.5 mg/kg W. In a crossover study, frequent blood, milk, and urine samples were drawn for up to 48 h after the end of administration, and were then assayed to determine their respective drug concentrations through microbiological assay using Klebsiella pneumoniae as the test micro‐organism. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentration–time data using a compartmental and noncompartmental analysis, and validated a relatively rapid elimination from the blood compartment, with a slope of the terminal phase of 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.19 ± 0.06 per hour and a half‐life of 3.16 ± 0.43 and 3.84 ± 0.59 h, for i.v. and i.m. dosing, respectively. OBFX was widely distributed with a volume of distribution V(_d(ss)) of 1.31 ± 0.12 L/kg, as suggested by the low percentage of protein binding (22.5%). The systemic body clearance (Cl_B) was 0.32 ± 0.12 L/h·kg. Following i.m. administration, the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) of 1.53 ± 0.34 μg/mL was reached at t_max 1.25 ± 0.21 h. The drug was completely absorbed after i.m. administration, with a bioavailability of 114.63 ± 11.39%. The kinetic milk AUC_milk/AUC_plasma ratio indicated a wide penetration of orbifloxacin from the bloodstream to the mammary gland. OBFX urine concentrations were higher than the concurrent plasma concentrations, and were detected up to 30 h postinjection by both routes. Taken together, these findings indicate that systemic administration of orbifloxacin could be efficacious against susceptible mammary and urinary pathogens in lactating ewes.