滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.     

棉花不同时期去叶源对库源关系影响的初步研究

通过对棉花不同时期去主茎叶、叶枝叶、果枝叶和全部叶片的研究,初步探讨了棉花叶源对库的影响.结果表明:无论蕾期还是盛铃期,叶片是棉花光合产物的主要来源,没有叶片棉花就不能正常生长,也很难保证其产量;不同部位的叶片中,主茎叶的作用显著,蕾期去主茎叶后株高日增长量减少0.5 cm以上,干物质积累明显下降,盛铃期则导致棉铃大量脱落,成铃平均减少2个以上;去果枝叶的作用相对较小,去叶枝叶几乎无影响.     

真核表达NDV F基因重组质粒的构建及其在CEF细胞中的转染

通过PCR方法自含NDVZF基因的克隆质粒中扩增NDVF基因 ,将其与真核表达载体pcDNA3..1/V5_His_TOPO重组。经核酸内切酶酶切 ,阳性克隆鉴定准确无误 ,核酸序列测定结果与原始基因比较 ,同源性大于 99% ,启始密码和终止密码未出现变异 ,将该重组质粒命名为pcDNANDVZF。将pcDNANDVZF在脂质体作用下转染CEF细胞 ,用间接免疫荧光试验检测 ,结果证明pcDNANDVZF可在CEF细胞中大量表达F蛋白。     

新形势下中小型种子企业营销中面临的问题及对策

1市场现状 作为一个“育、繁、推”一体化的中小型种业企业，应始终围绕“科研是基础，质量是生命，营销是关键”来合理安排各部门工作。随着公司自办科研力量不断加强与健全，新品种育成速度明显加快与增多，种子市场竞争空前激烈，集中体现在销售品种多，销售门点多，铺货早，导致价格互相倾轧，赊账严重，退货数量逐年攀升，给公司造成不可预估的损失。如何分析市场，应对市场，最终左右市场，必须在营销中有独特的经营思路。     

高效液相色谱法测定齿毛芝中的碱基

采用250SS4.6-ODSZ-8/5色谱柱,体积分数20%的甲醇为流动相,紫外260nm检测,尿嘧啶,尿苷,腺嘌呤腺苷的保留时间分别为2.23min,2.97min,4.13min和6.74min,检测齿毛芝中碱基的摩尔比依次为1`.24:0.41:2.29:2.05.     

鸭大肠杆菌病流行病学与病原特性研究

对浙江等地鸭大肠杆菌病流行病学进行调查，并研究其发病特点，分离鉴定出致病性大肠杆菌26株；已对其中20株菌株进行血清型鉴定，主要为078，占70%（14/20），其次是O1，占15%（3/20）；人工感染试验表明，80%（8/10）菌株毒力强，皮下、肌肉、足蹼3种途径均易复制该病；病理组织学检查肝、肺、脾等，表现急性炎症，出血等病变；药敏试验表明，不同菌株对药物敏感性差异较大，除对鸭菌消、卡那霉素等高敏外，对多数常用抗菌药已耐药，最后就该病的防治提出了对策。     

赖氨酸修饰对梯棱羊肚菌黑色素结构和理化特性的影响

为了进一步提高梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取率及溶解性,本试验采用单因素、Plackett-Burman试验、响应面试验对纤维素酶-超声波协同提取梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取工艺进行优化研究。通过赖氨酸修饰,并对修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素进行结构表征、理化性质及稳定性研究。结果表明,在NaOH浓度为1.54 mol/L,纤维素酶添加量为20 mg/g,纤维素酶酶解时间为78.6 min,料液比为1:30,酶解温度为40 ℃,超声时间为80 min条件下提取的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素最优。未修饰的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素不溶于水,色价值为480.24,修饰后的黑色素溶解度为1 016 g/L,色价值为1 771.18,比未修饰的黑色素在溶解性、色价值方面均有所提高。此外,在不同的温度、光照、pH条件下,修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素均比较稳定。以上研究结果为梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的高效提取及其产品的开发利用奠定了理论基础。