The effect of an energy additive on the metabolism of cattle

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an energy additive on the metabolism of cattle. This article provides information on the analysis of the diet of young cattle calculated for when the animals were both indoors and outdoors. The ration was prepared for 40 heifers, divided into 4 groups consisting of 10 animals in each group. Three of these groups were fed different amounts of a high-energy additive, which was not fed to the control group. The effectiveness of the additive was analyzed according to the balance experiment and by calculating digestibility coefficients. It was determined that the percentage of nitrogen use in young animals was higher in the groups that were fed the additive than in the control group. Increasing the dose of the additive increased the level of nitrogen use. Comparative analysis of live weight indicated intergroup differences in favor of heifers in the groups that were fed the additive of 1.34% to 2.41% at the age of 9 mo; 2.51% to 4.16% at 12 mo; 3.14% to 5.46% at 15 mo; and 3.57% to 6.30% at 18 mo. The average daily growth dynamics indicated a gradual increase in all animals up to 15 mo, with a slight decrease by 18 mo of age. The difference among the groups ranged from 5.08% to 8.85% at 6 to 9 mo of age; 7.08% to 10.79% at 9 to 12 mo; 5.64% to 10.97% at 12 to 15 mo; and 6.05% to 11.11% at 18 mo. It was concluded that feeding the energy additive Tanrem to heifers increased their metabolism so that nitrogen use was improved, and feed was digested more efficiently, which in turn improved the growth of animals. Using an energy additive at the mid-range dose of 500 g a day per animal is recommended, since the effect was similar at the mid-range and maximum dosages.     

Changes in Lipid Composition After In-Vitro Selection for Glyphosate Tolerance in Tobacco

After a one-step selection procedure with glyphosate added to the callus medium, tobacco regenerants were obtained from calluses surviving on field doses of the herbicide. The lipid and sterol compositions of potted plants from the two original cultivars which underwent the selection procedure but without glyphosate, and the selected regenerants were investigated. Controls were derived from micropropagation and not from seeds. They served as appropriate controls for comparison with glyphosate regenerants, i.e. they underwent exactly the same experimental conditions except for the glyphosate treatment. Plant regeneration was strongly (at one-step selection) or fully (at stepwise selection) inhibited. Only a few glyphosate-tolerant plants (seven of Nevrokop A₂₄ and five of Zlatna arda) were obtained which were cloned and potted. At least 10 plants of one clone per genotype were used for the further biochemical analyses. The spraying of the tobacco plants from the cultivars with glyphosate led to a decrease of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol content and increase of the saturated fatty acids in all glycolipid classes. The concentration of stigmasterol increased and that of sitosterol decreased only in Zl.arda variety. In the regenerants there were different changes in lipid composition, concerning mainly a decrease of monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDG) and an increase of digalactosyl diacylglycerols (DGDG) in Zl.arda-derived regenerants and increase of the amounts of neutral lipids and decrease of phospholipids (PL) in the Nevrokop A₂₄-derived regenerants. Surprisingly, after treatment of the regenerants with glyphosate, the MGDG amounts in these regenerants were higher than in the controls, which could mean a lesser ability to control ion permeability.     

保加利亚主要鲜食葡萄品种评价

保加利亚位于巴尔干半岛的东南部．属于温带气候．北部略受大陆性气候影响,南部带有地中海气候特点．气候和土壤等自然条件非常适宜葡萄种植．是世界著名的葡萄与葡萄酒生产国之一。长期以来．保加利亚的农业科研机构非常注重鲜食葡萄品种的选育研究．     

保加利亚的苹果生产与研究

保加利亚气候条件非常适宜苹果生长.1968年保加利亚苹果种植面积为3.04万hm2,但近年由于土地改革,苹果种植面积持续减少,现仅存5393hm2.笔者介绍了目前保加利亚苹果的种植面积、产量、主栽品种、砧木、树形及研究状况.     

Algae-Derived Anti-Inflammatory Compounds against Particulate Matters-Induced Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review

Air pollution has recently become a subject of increasing concern in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that nearly 4.2 million early deaths are due to exposure to fine particles in polluted air, which causes multiple respiratory diseases. Algae, as a natural product, can be an alternative treatment due to potential biofunctional properties and advantages. This systematic review aims to summarize and evaluate the evidence of metabolites derived from algae as potential anti-inflammatory agents against respiratory disorders induced by atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were systematically searched for relevant published full articles from 2016 to 2020. The main key search terms were limited to “algae”, “anti-inflammation”, and “air pollutant”. The search activity resulted in the retrieval of a total of 36 publications. Nine publications are eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. A total of four brown algae (Ecklonia cava, Ishige okamurae, Sargassum binderi and Sargassum horneri) with phytosterol, polysaccharides and polyphenols were reported in the nine studies. The review sheds light on the pathways of particulate matter travelling into respiratory systems and causing inflammation, and on the mechanisms of actions of algae in inhibiting inflammation. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. More research is needed to investigate the potential of algae as anti-inflammatory agents against PM in in vivo and in vitro experimental models, as well as clinically.     

Genetic diversity among elite Bulgarian barley varieties evaluated by RFLP and RAPD markers

Genetic variation among five elite winter barley cultivars (H. vulgare L.) currently grown in Bulgaria was assessed at the molecular level using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The present study sampled RFLPs in four well characterized multigene families in barley: the seed storage protein loci; the 18S, 5.8S and 26S ribosomal DNA loci; the loci coding for 5S ribosomal RNA and the loci coding subunit α of ATP-A complex in the mitochondrial genome. RFLPs were detected in three out of five investigated chromosomal loci in the barley cultivars studied. RAPD assay using arbitrary 10-base primers was applied to generate amplified length polymorphic markers in barley. Overall a total of 15 polymorphic phenotypes were found among the studied barley cultivars by using 11 out of 25 tested primers. All RAPDs were considered as dominant genetic markers except for two, where PCR and Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of codominant amplification products. Five RAPD polymorphisms in F₁ and F₂ progenies of the cross between Alpha and Obzor were inherited in Mendelian fashion. The determined values for the genetic variation proved a high genetic similarity among the tested cultivars. Genetic similarity (GS) calculated from RFLP and RAPD data ranged from 0.888 to 0.997 with a mean GS – 0.933. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Radical Scavenging Activity and Stability of Betalains from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta vulgaris</Emphasis> Hairy Root Culture in Simulated Conditions of Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Stability and radical scavenging activity of betalains, biosynthesized by Beta vulgaris hairy root culture were investigated at different pH values, bile salts concentration, as well as at the in vitro conditions of gastrointestinal tract. It was established that pH below 3 and concentrations of the bile salts up to 4% had no great influence on betalains stability. At the in vitro conditions of gastrointestinal tract betalains are relatively stable, as their radical scavenging activity decrease from 75% inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) to about 38%.     

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Betalain Extracts from Intact Plants and Hairy Root Cultures of the Red Beetroot Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit Dark Red

Betalains are water-soluble plant pigments that are widely used as food colorants, and have a wide range of desirable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer properties. They can be produced from various plants, notably beetroot, but betalain products obtained in this way also have some undesirable properties and are difficult to standardize. A potentially attractive alternative is to use hairy root cultures. In the study reported here, we found that betalain extracts obtained from hairy root cultures of the red beetroot B. vulgaris cv. Detroit Dark Red also had higher antioxidant activity than extracts obtained from mature beetroots: six-fold higher 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability (90.7% inhibition, EC₅₀ = 0.11 mg, vs 14.2% inhibition, EC₅₀ = 0.70 mg) and 3.28-fold higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (4,100 μM TE/g dry extract, vs 1,250 μM TE/g dry extract). The high antioxidant activity of the hairy root extracts was associated with increased concentrations (more than 20-fold) of total phenolic concomitant compounds, which may have synergistic effects with betalains. The presence of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin hydrate, and epicatechin were detected in both types of extract, but at different concentrations. Rutin was only present at high concentration (1.096 mg.g⁻¹ dry extract) in betalain extracts from the hairy root cultures, whereas chlorogenic acid was only detected at measurable concentrations in extracts from intact plants.     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

贴梗海棠主要果实营养成分分析

贴梗海棠是蔷薇科木瓜属植物,花梗极短,花朵紧贴在枝干上,鲜艳漂亮,是理想的园林绿化植物;果实作中药材使用时简称木瓜,富含Vc和丰富的蛋白质,有舒筋活络和化湿功能,具有极高的食用价值和药用价值。本试验重点测定了8个不同类型贴梗海棠果实的抗坏血酸维生素C、单宁酸和干物质等指标含量,以期筛选高营养和保健价值较高的