Maladies d'origine tellurique en pépinière forestière: problème du diagnostic et lutte intégrèe1

Les maladies transmises par le sol représentent la cause principale de dégâts sur graines, plantules et plants repiqués dans les pépinières forestières. Les fontes en pré ou de postémergence constituent la première forme très connue de dégâts pendant les premières semaines qui suivent le semis. A un stade ultérieur, les plantules et les plants repiqués plus âgés peuvent avoir leur croissance ralentie, stoppée ou être tués par la nécrose racinaire, maladie complexe encore assez mal connue. La plupart des espèces de conifères peuvent être atteints à différents degrés: les Pinus, Picea et Larix sont les plus sensibles, alors que les Cupressaceae sont résistants. Pythium spp., Fusarium spp. (particulièrement F. oxysporum) et Rhizoctonia solani, champignons ubiquistes et pléophages, constituent la cause principale de fonte et de pourriture racinaire dans les pépinières européennes. Ces champignons coexistent souvent dans les sols, en particulier dans les pépinières établies depuis longtemps. La cause et la gravité des infections dépendent des conditions de l'environnement; la diagnose et la lutte préventive ne sont pas faciles en pratique. L'efficacité des produits chimiques a tendance à varier beaucoup d'une pépinière et d'une saison à l'autre. La fumigation et le traitement du sol à la vapeur sont les moyens de lutte les plus efficaces, mais ils sont coûteux et d'utilisation difficile au champ. La lutte intégree, combinant le potentiel naturel des sols résistants, des bactéries améliorant la croissance et atténuant les maladies, la capacité protectrice des mycorhizes, et de faibles doses de fongicide, se révèle un moyen très prometteur pour la lutte contre ces maladies.     

Characterization of exotoxin produced by a shellfish-pathogenic Vibrio sp.

Abstract. Broth filtrate of a Vibrio species, isolated from spontaneously occurring epizootics among cultured oyster larvae, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), was shown to contain an exotoxin. Bioassays demonstrated that LC₅₀ value was less than 46.6 μg of toxin/l culture of oyster embryos. This quantity was produced by 2.9 × 10⁹ colony-forming units. Purified toxin showed neither proteolytic nor amylase activity; it did, however, demonstrate bacteriostatic capability. Studies showed that the toxin was heat-labile and that exposure to heat-produced toxoid had a beneficial effect on oyster embryonic development. Data revealed that although toxin was inactivated by heating, the bacteriostatic capability of the metabolite was not lost. Molecular weight of the toxin was estimated to be 68000.     

Use of Computed Tomography in Standing Position to Identify Guidelines for Screw Insertion in the Distal Phalanx of Horses: An Ex Vivo Study

Objectives— To compare the precision of radiography and computed tomography (CT) preoperatively in the standing position for identification of guidelines for screw insertion in the distal phalanx, and to identify whether standing CT might improve operative time compared with preoperative radiographic planning.
Study Design— Experimental ex vivo study.
Animals— Cadaveric equine thoracic limb pairs (n=10).
Methods— Insertion of a 4.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion into an intact distal phalanx was evaluated in 2 groups (n=10) of cadaveric equine thoracic limbs. In 1 group, the site, direction, and length of the implant were determined by radiography, and in the other group, by CT. Accuracy of screw placement was verified by specimen dissection. Outcomes were (1) absence of penetration of the articular surface, the solar surface, or the semilunar canal (2) appropriate length and direction of the screw. Surgical time was also measured.
Results— No screw penetrated the articular surface, the solar surface, or the semilunar canal in either group. CT was more accurate to identify guidelines for screw insertion (U=23.50, P =.049). With CT, surgical time (mean, 7.7 minutes) was significantly shorter (U=0.000, P =.000) than with radiography (mean, 12.7 minutes).
Conclusion— Standing CT can be used to accurately determine anatomic landmarks for screw insertion in lag fashion in sagittal fractures of the distal phalanx.
Clinical Relevance— This study has a clear clinical relevance for improved internal fixation of sagittal fractures of the distal phalanx.     

Correlation of Surface Electromyography of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle in Dogs at a Walk with Joint Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces

Objective— To describe the activity pattern of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs at walk measured by surface electromyography (EMG) in relation to kinematics and kinetics of the pelvic limb.
Study Design— Experimental.
Animals— Malinois dogs (n=11).
Methods— Dogs (mean ± SD age, 5.5 ± 2.9 years; weight, 27.3 ± 3.8 kg; shoulder height, 62.7 ± 3.3 cm) walked on a treadmill system with integrated force plates, which allowed simultaneous analysis of kinematics, kinetics, and EMG data from all limbs. The maxima, minima, and their time of occurrence in the motion cycle of the EMG and the pelvic limb kinematics and kinetics were calculated; correlations between joint movement patterns, ground reaction forces (GRF), and activity pattern of the muscle group were investigated.
Results— The vastus lateralis muscle had an activity pattern with 2 peaks and a close positive correlation with GRF. The 1st peak occurred in early stance, followed by a decrease in activity during mid-stance. The 2nd peak occurred directly before the quick activity decrease in late stance phase, reaching its minimum early in swing phase.
Conclusions— These results suggest that the vastus lateralis muscle supports the vertical position and elevation of the pelvis during stance and push-off. During early stance, the muscle acts as a coantagonist to the hamstring muscle group and the gastrocnemius muscle, and restrains flexion during the late stance.
Clinical Relevance— Results of this study could enhance diagnosis of locomotor system disorders and facilitate monitoring effects of treatments (e.g., therapeutic exercises) on gait ability and muscle function.     

不同耕作方式对杂交水稻根系特性及产量的影响

 【目的】探明不同耕作方式下杂交水稻根系特性及增产的机制。【方法】在田间试验条件下，研究不同耕作方式(翻耕和免耕)对直播稻和移栽稻根系特性和产量的影响。【结果】无论直播或移栽，免耕稻最高分蘖期的根冠比、单蔸根干重、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积均高于翻耕稻，其成熟期0～5 cm土层的根重、根重密度和5～10 cm、10～20 cm土层的比根长也比翻耕稻高。在移栽条件下，免耕稻成熟期0～5 cm土层的根长、根长密度和根表面积高于翻耕稻，其最高分蘖期的根系32P吸收总量和根系氧化力分别比翻耕稻平均增加40.72%、13.81%；在直播条件下，免耕稻最高分蘖期、孕穗期、齐穗期的根系32P吸收总量和根系氧化力分别比翻耕稻平均增加54.56%、19.53%、2.80%和12.59%、24.06%、74.19%，其孕穗期的地上部32P的转运率比翻耕稻平均增加13.68%，而其根系残留率比翻耕稻平均降低10.22%。无论移栽或直播，免耕稻的有效穗数比翻耕稻低，但其每穗粒数高于翻耕稻。在直播和移栽条件下，免耕稻的产量平均分别为8979.0 kg·ha-1和8588.0 kg·ha-1，比翻耕稻分别增产2.30%和1.19%，但未达到5%的显著水平。【结论】免耕稻相对于翻耕稻有明显的增产优势，是其根系特性的一种响应。     

The response of resistant and susceptible plants to diclofop-methyl

Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) plants sprayed at the 2-or 3-leaf stages of growth with diclotop-methyl developed chlorosis over the entire leaf blade of all leaves. The leaves became necfrotic ⁷days after spraying Shool growth was inhibited. In wheat (Triticum aesicum L cv.Waldron) discrete chlorotic areas developed only where the herbicide convicted the 2nd or 3rd leaf with no visible injury so new growth uf'ter treutment. Growth inhibition of susceptible oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Garry) was sensitive to placement of diclutop-methyl near the upica and meristematic sites of the plant. Chlorosis and necrosis were independent of herbicide placement. Selective herbicide placement induced chlorosis only or both chlorosis and growth inhibition Root growth in wild oat and barley (Hordeum rulgare L. cv. Dickson) was strongly inhibited by 1–0 μM diclofop-methyl. Wild oat shoots were killed when seedlings were root-treated with 10 μM diclofop-melhyl. The 100 μM rool treatment killed barley shoots but only stunted the growth of wheat shoots by approximately 50%. In root-ireated wheat plants the shoots were turgid and developed a light purple colour, whereas in foliar-treated plants the shoots developed discrete chlorotic areas.     

Production of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, from wild-caught and hatchery-produced seed grown at several densities on oyster shells

Abstract. Production of Pacific oysters was studied under pilot-scale conditions in Baynes Sound, British Columbia, using common bottom culture strategies. Four seeding treatments, each with a different seed per cultch density were cultured: wild-caught seed 5mm in shell height at 10 seed per cultch piece and hatchery produced seed 1-2 mm in shell height at densities of 11, 40 and 105 per cultch piece. The cultch material for all treatments was Pacific oyster shell. All seed was reared for approximately 1 year in a seed nursery located at the 2.2-m tidal level then transferred to a 1-m tidal level grow-out plot until harvest 4 years later in May 1988, Clusters of large numbers of oysters were separated and evenly distributed within the plots when the oysters attained a shell height of 60-100 mm. During the first year, growth was slow and mortalities were relatively high. All treatments produced oysters of similar size at harvest. The proportion surviving at harvest was substantially higher for the wild oysters which were initially larger at time of planting. Within the hatchery treatments proportional survival per cultch piece was inversely related to initial density on the shell; however, total production per cultch piece was positively related to initial density. Most efficient use of seed is attained at lower densities per shell; however, most efficient use of cultch and effort to handle cultch is attained at high densities.