Genome-wide association analysis for stripe rust resistance in spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm

Stripe rust is a continuous threat to wheat crop all over the world. It causes considerable yield losses in wheat crop every year. Continuous deployment of adult plant resistance(APR) genes in newly developing wheat cultivars is the most judicious strategy to combat this disease. Herein, we dissected the genetics underpinning stripe rust resistance in Pakistani wheat germplasm. An association panel of 94 spring wheat genotypes was phenotyped for two years to score the infestation of stripe rust on each accession and was scanned with 203 polymorphic SSRs. Based on D' measure, linkage disequilibrium(LD) exhibited between loci distant up to 45 c M. Marker-trait associations(MTAs) were determined using mixed linear model(MLM). Total 31 quantitative trait loci(QTLs) were observed on all 21 wheat chromosomes. Twelve QTLs were newly discovered as well as 19 QTLs and 35 previously reported Yr genes were validated in Pakistani wheat germplasm. The major QTLs were QYr.uaf.2 AL and QYr.uaf.3 BS(PVE, 11.9%). Dissection of genes from the newly observed QTLs can provide new APR genes to improve genetic resources for APR resistance in wheat crop.     

镉胁迫对不同水稻基因型植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响

 以籽粒镉积累水平不同的两种品种（丙97252，低积累型；秀水63，高积累型）为材料，研究了镉胁迫对水稻植株生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响。采用水培试验，镉处理设0.0、0.1、1.0和5.0 μmol/L 4个水平。结果表明，镉胁迫抑制植株生长和叶绿素合成，改变植株丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性。在抗氧化酶活性上，根和地上部对镉胁迫的反应存在着差异。总体上，SOD、CAT和POD活性随镉水平的提高而减少，而MDA含量则表现相反。根和地上部MDA含量随着培养液中镉浓度提高而增加，且增加幅度秀水63明显大于丙97252。与对照相比，生长在5.0 μmol/L Cd处理下的植株， SOD活性在孕穗期下降46%~52%，在分蘖期仅下降13%~19%。高浓度镉胁迫下，两品种在MDA含量的增加幅度和叶绿素含量的降低幅度上表现不同，显示出它们对镉的耐性存在着差异。     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...     

土壤活性有机碳测定方法的改良

土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,活性有机碳作为土壤碳库中最活跃的组分,对土壤碳含量的变化和碳排放具有较好的指示作用。目前活性有机碳的测定主要采用333 mmol L^-1KMnO_4氧化方法,然而该方法存在诸多不足,需要进行改良。采用改良方法(1:0.2 K_2Cr_2O_7-H_2SO_4)和KMnO_4法测定我国农田生态系统5个长期施肥站点土壤活性有机碳的含量。两种方法测定的土壤活性有机碳含量存在极显著的线性回归关系,且在各地点和施肥处理下均呈极显著的线性关系;改良方法测定的标准误和变异系数都比KMnO_4方法低;并且改良方法所需设备简单、操作简便快速等优点。因此本研究的改良方法与KMnO_4法相比具有一定的优势,可以考虑作为土壤活性有机碳测定的改良方法。     

柏芩提取液的药效学及对奶牛子宫内膜炎的疗效评价

柏芩提取液是由黄柏、黄芩、红花、党参等组成,为了探讨其对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗作用,采用实验性家兔子宫内膜炎模型进行柏芩提取液的主要药效学研究。确定药效作用后,按照农业农村部颁布的《防治奶牛临床子宫内膜炎的抗微生物兽药的靶动物安全性和有效性试验指导原则》对其进行奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床疗效评价。药效学试验结果表明,与模型组比较,柏芩提取液能明显改善实验性子宫内膜炎家兔的临床症状,血液白细胞计数分类、子宫分泌物涂片镜检、尿液及子宫分泌物化学检查结果趋于正常,并且能够减轻子宫充血、炎性细胞浸润、上皮细胞脱落等组织病理学改变。临床疗效试验结果表明,给药后第10天,柏芩提取液高、中剂量组的治愈率极显著高于低剂量组（P<0.01）,且与阳性药物对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）;各试验组的总有效率差异均不显著（P>0.05）。给药后第21天,柏芩提取液高、中剂量组的治愈率显著高于低剂量组（P<0.05）,且与阳性药物对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;各试验组的总有效率未见明显差异（P>0.05）。以上结果证明柏芩提取液对实验性家兔子宫内膜炎和临床奶牛子宫内膜炎具有良好的治疗作用,其中1.5和1.0 g/mL浓度（30 mL/次）对临床病例的治疗效果明显,与土霉素效果相似,0.5 g/mL浓度效果不明显。本研究为其进一步研究和开发应用奠定了基础。     

磷肥对甜玉米籽粒植酸和锌有效性的影响

为明确磷肥对甜玉米籽粒营养特性的影响,利用不同品种的磷肥定位试验以及磷肥梯度水平试验,探讨甜玉米籽粒植酸、磷(P)、锌(Zn)含量及Zn有效性的时间(不同灌浆期)和空间(果穗上、中、下部;籽粒果皮、胚乳和胚)变化及其对外源磷肥的响应特性。试验结果表明,甜玉米籽粒的P和植酸含量随磷肥用量的增加而增加,Zn含量及其有效性则呈现下降趋势。磷肥投入对吐丝后16～24 d籽粒的植酸、P和Zn的积累(mg plant^–1)的影响最为显著,而对不同灌浆时期Zn有效性均表现出抑制效应。在中磷水平下,果穗不同穗位籽粒植酸(g kg^–1)和Zn有效性的差异并不显著。高磷水平显著提高了中、下部果穗植酸的含量,但对不同穗位籽粒Zn含量和Zn有效性均存在抑制效应。对籽粒内不同部位(果皮、胚乳和胚)进行比较,植酸、P以及Zn含量均以胚中含量最高,积累量占比则以胚乳中最高;而Zn有效性以胚中最高。高磷处理可显著提高籽粒内不同部位植酸和磷含量,降低Zn含量及其有效性。综上,合理磷肥施用可促进籽粒Zn积累,而过量磷肥投入会显著增加不同灌浆时期,以及胚乳和胚中的植酸含量和积累量...     

Efficiency of seed bio-priming technique for healthy mungbean productivity under terminal drought stress

Recently, drought-induced damaging impact in reducing the crop growth and development is drastically ranked at the top under various abiotic stresses. And especially water stress at the reproductive growth stages termed as terminal drought has become a severe threat for mungbean productivity. To mitigate the drought stress condition, "bio-priming" has emerged as a newly agronomic and sustainable technique in improving the mungbean production. A 2-year field study during Kharif season 2017–2018 was conducted to investigate the efficacy of rhizobacteria seed priming in mungbean(AZRI mung-06), at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. The experiment comprised two factors containing F_A(seed treatments, control(dry seeds), hydro-priming, silicon(Si)-priming, and bio-priming(mixture strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens+Rhizobium phaseoli)) and F_B(irrigation water-regimes at various growth stages including leaf formation(L), stem elongation(S)+flowering(F)+pod formation(P) containing treatments are normal irrigation(I_(L+S+F+P)) and terminal drought stress(I_(F+P))). All the treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design under factorial design and were replicated thrice. Results indicated that the exposure of drought stress at flowering and pod formation stages hampered the morpho-physiological growth and yield of mungbean. Nevertheless, seed priming treatments particularly bio-priming were effective in alleviating the detrimental effects of drought stress. Bio-priming significantly increased the yield and yield components(seeds/plant, 1 000-grain weight and harvest index) of mungbean and regulated the activities/levels of antioxidants(superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid, and total phenolics) under drought stress. Compared with the control, bio-priming increased the seed yield of mungbean by 8–12% under normal as well as drought stress conditions during both years of study. Bio-priming also improved the nutrient uptake behavior followed by Si-and hydro-priming treatments under terminal drought stress. The study emphasized the effectiveness of bio-priming as dual seed treatment method may be helpful for vigorous germination of mungbean production along with plant tolerance against terminal drought stress. Among the various treatments, plants treated with bio-priming technique compensated the grain yield due to having strong antioxidant defense system and better nutrient uptake behaviour under terminal drought stress. Economic analysis also concluded that bio-priming is the easiest, cost-effective, friendly, and sustainable approach for the maximization of the mungbean production.     

Effect of auxins on axillary and de novo shoot regeneration from in vitro shoot cultures derived from forced epicormic buds of teak (Tectona grandis L.)

In this presentation,we report on de novo and axillary shoot regeneration and rooting of shoots maintained over a long term,from cultures of Tectona grandis L.Shoot-tips of teak shoots forced from epicormic buds were used as the starting material for axenic shoot-culture establishment.Long term maintenance of such axenic shoot cultures was carried out by regular sub-culturing on MS media supplemented with N 6-benzyleadenine (BA,8.8 μmol L-1) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA,2 μmol L-1) for 24 months.Vigorously growing shoot tips (2 3 cm long) were inoculated on the MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations (0,1,2,4,6,8 or 10 μmol L-1) of either IBA or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for rooting.Axillary and de novo shoots were developed from axillary and cut basal ends of shoots,respectively.Shoots growing on auxins were further sub-cultured (every 15 days) and maintained for 45 days.The greatest number of de novo (5.06) as well as axillary shoots (2.85) was observed on the MS medium supplemented with 10 μmol L-1 NAA or 8 μmol L-1 IBA,respectively,after 45 days.The combinations of both IBA (μmol L-1) + NAA (μmol L-1) were tested at different concentrations (4 + 4,6 + 6,8 + 8) supplemented to a half strength MS basal medium with 0.1% activated charcoal for rooting of decapitated and non-decapitated de novo and axillary shoots.Rooting from non-decapitated de novo shoots was highest (93.33%) with a mean number of roots of 4.61 on this medium,supplemented with 6 μmol L-1 IBA + 6 μmol L-1 NAA,after 36 days of initial culture.Individual auxin,however,was not effective for root induction.Rooted shoots were acclimatized in a green house and after four weeks plantlets were transferred to the field.     

四川地区玉米/大豆带状套作对大豆形态、叶绿素荧光特征及系统产量的影响

玉米/大豆带状套作可以充分利用光环境,提高单位土地面积物质产出。为探明玉米/大豆带状复合种植模式下不同空间配置对大豆冠层光环境、形态、产量及系统效益的影响,进而为大豆高产优质栽培提供依据,本研究选用半紧凑型（‘川单418’）和紧凑型（‘荣玉1210’）玉米品种与大豆带状套作,固定带宽为200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,玉米窄行距设置3个处理：20 cm、40 cm、60 cm;并以单作大豆（SS）作为对照。分析透光率、形态、光合色素、荧光参数、生物量和系统产量的变化规律。结果表明：套作大豆冠层透光率、红光/远红光（R/FR）比值随玉米窄行距的增大而逐渐降低;套作下大豆茎粗、节数、茎干重和全叶干重均随玉米窄行距增大呈降低趋势,最大值出现在玉米窄行距20 cm处理下;与单作大豆相比,两个玉米品种下大豆茎粗、节数、茎干重和全叶干重均显著降低,而第2节间长和主茎长显著升高。套作下大豆叶片光合色素含量随玉米窄行距的增大而逐渐降低,各行距处理及不同玉米品种下套作的叶片光合色素含量均低于单作大豆。大豆叶片荧光参数F_v/F_m、NPQ、F_q''F_m''和F_q''/F_v''随玉米窄行距的增大均呈先增大后减小的趋势,而F_o变化趋势与之相反。玉米收获后,大豆光环境得到改善并迅速恢复生长,套作大豆形态生理指标与单作差异减小,但由于前期玉米的遮荫,各套作处理间大豆产量差异仍显著。通过系统效益分析,在玉米窄行距40 cm处理下,套作系统综合产量最高,两玉米品种下玉米、大豆产量平均分别为8 559.52 kg·hm^-2、1 717.60 kg·hm^-2,土地当量比平均达1.57。本试验中大豆与两个株型玉米套作,大豆形态生理指标差异影响不显著。因此,选择紧凑或半紧凑玉米品种,适度缩小玉米窄行距可以显著改善带状套作大豆的生长环境,提高其生物量和产量。