Oxidation-resistant gold-55 clusters

Gold nanoparticles ranging in diameter from 1 to 8 nanometers were prepared on top of silicon wafers in order to study the size dependence of their oxidation behavior when exposed to atomic oxygen. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a maximum oxidation resistance for "magic-number" clusters containing 55 gold atoms. This inertness is not related to electron confinement leading to a size-induced metal-to-insulator transition, but rather seems to be linked to the closed-shell structure of such magic clusters. The result additionally suggests that gold-55 clusters may act as especially effective oxidation catalysts, such as for oxidizing carbon monoxide.     

Functional anatomy of the distal radioulnar ligament in dogs

The objective of this study was to functionally characterize the distal radioulnar ligament connecting the distal ends of canine antebrachial bones. The ligament has been investigated histologically in five adult dogs. After decalcification and standard paraffin embedding, 5-microm-thick sections have been stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin, Resorcin/Fuchsin, Astrablue/Nuclear-fast-red, Astrablue/Orange G. The distal radioulnar ligament can be divided into two parts, a proximal, 'interosseous' and a distal 'articular'. The former as a connecting structure experiences almost exclusively tensile stress in a proximolateral direction. The latter with an additional meniscal function is loaded in a combined tensile and compressive way. These findings can be explained with the characteristic valgus conformation of the canine carpal joint.     

Seroprevalance and identification of influenza A virus infection from migratory wild waterfowl in China (2004-2005)

Outbreaks of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) were reported in birds in more than eight Asian countries. We sought to identify the origin of this infection, and herein report the results of serological and virological monitoring of migrant wild waterfowl in mainland China. From a total of 493 serum samples, collected from 15 migratory wild waterfowl species for 9 months (from June 2004 to May 2005) in mainland China, we detected only low-level antibodies against influenza subtypes H2, H9 and H10 in the relict gull, little egret, black-crowned night heron, bar-tailed godwit, whimbrel and the common greenshank. No virus was identified from the 1052 cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs except dead bar-headed geese. These data show that the influenza type A virus subtypes H2-H13 did not circulate at detectable levels within the sampled population.     

Localisation of the genomic sequence interval for the blue eggshell gene using an F2 resource population of Dongxiang chickens

1. In order to identify the molecular interval containing the blue shell gene (O locus), linkage analysis was conducted with three microsatellite markers, (TTA)(n), (TG)(n) and (tg)(n), and a SNP in intron 1 of SLCO1C1 (solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1C1; A locus) to map the O locus in an F2 resource population of Dongxiang chickens. 2. Linkage analysis based on 98 F2 hens resulted in estimation of the best map order of the O locus with other linked markers as: (TTA)(n)-(TG)(n)-A-O-(tg)(n). 3. Based on these results, we inferred that the O locus was located between the A and (tg)(n) loci, that is, Chr1:67,296,991-69,140,571, which is the first genomic sequence interval to be established for the blue eggshell gene.     

Dynamik der LH- und Testosteron-Sekretion bei Beagle-Rüden verschiedener Altersgruppen*, **

Inhalt: Bei 1 7 klinisch geschlechtsgesunden Beagle-Rüden verschiedener Altersgruppen (1: 7 bis 8 Monate; II: 12 Monate; III: 23 Monate;IV: 3 bis 4 Jahre; V: 8 Jahre) wurden die Körper- und Hodenmaβe sowie die Sekretionsmuster von LH und Testosteron im peripheren Blutplasma bestimmt. Von jedem Ruden wurden im Abstand von 10 bis 14 Tagen zwei Blutprobenserien à 25 Einzelproben über einen Zeitraum von jeweils sechs Stunden unter Einhaltung 15 minütiger Intervalle gewonnen. Die Hodenlange war bei den 7 bis 8 Monate alten Tieren signifikant kleiner (p ≤ 0,01) als bei den älteren Rüden. Die 8 Jahre alten Hunde hatten die gröβten Gonaden. LH und Testosteron zeigten ein ausgeprägt pulsatiles Sekretionsmuster, wobei die LH-Werte zwischen 1,2 und 96 ng/ml und Testosteron zwischen 0,08 und 16 ng/ml varüerten. Die Pulsfrequenz unterschied sich nicht signifikant zwischen den Gruppen und lag im Mittel bei 4,5 Pulsen 16 Stunden. LH-Pulse wurden gewöhnlich von Testosteron-Pulsen gefolgt; der mittlere zeitliche Abstand zwischen beiden Ereignissen betrug 37 ± 15 Minuten. Die Plasmaproben der Gruppe I enthielten die höchsten LH- und die geringsten mittleren Testosteronkonzentrationen (15, 7 ± 13,6 ng/ml bzw. 2,0 ± 1,2 ng/ml). Das höchste durchschnittliche Testosteronniveau (3,6 ± 1,9 ng/ml) war in Gruppe III zu beobachten. Bei den 8 Jahre alten Hunden lag die mittlere LH-Konzentration signifikant unter derjenigen der 7 bis 8 und der 21 bis 23 Monate alten Tiere (p ± 0,01 bzw. p ± 0,05). Contents: Dynamics of LH and testosterone secretion in male beagles of different age In 17 clinically healthy male beagles of five age groups (I: 7 to 8 months, II: 12 months, III: 23 months, IV: 3 to 4 years, V: 8 years) the body size and the testicular dimensions were measured and the concentrations of LH and testosterone were determined in the peripheral blood. Two series of blood samples were collected from each dog with an interval of 10 to 14 days, each series consisting of 25 samples, taken every 15 minutes for 6 hours. The testicular length was significantly smaller (p ± 0.01) in the 7 to 8 months old dogs than in the older animals. The 8 year old dogs had the largest gonads. LH and testosterone secretion showed a marked pulsatility, with LH values ranging from 1.2 to 96 ng/ml and testosterone ranging from 0.08 to 16 ng/ml. Pulse frequency did not differ between groups and averaged 4,5 pulses/6 hours. LH pulses usually preceded testosterone pulses by an average of 37 ± 15 minutes. The samples of group I showed the highest mean LH concentration and the lowest mean testosterone value (15.7 ± 13.6 ng/ml and 2.0 ± 1.2 ng/ml resp.). The highest mean testosterone level (3.6 ± 1.9 ng/ml) was observed in group III. In the 8 year old dogs the mean LH-concentration was significantly lower than that of the animals aged 7 to 8 and 21 to 23 months (p ± 0.01 and p ± 0.05 resp.).