Estimation of Runoff,Peak Discharge and Sediment Load at the Event Scale in a Medium‐Size Mediterranean Watershed Using the Annagnps Model

In this paper, the Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model has been used to estimate runoff, peak discharge and sediment load at the event scale in a Mediterranean watershed. The study area is the Carapelle torrent, Southern Italy (area = 506 km²), where continuous rainfall, streamflow and sediment load data are available. Nineteen flood events have been registered in the period 2007–2009 and were used for the application of the model. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the model at the event scale, in a medium‐size watershed, given the specific conditions of the semi‐arid environments. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assign the correct parameterization: the mean normalized output variation of the most meaningful input parameters pointed out the influence of the curve number on runoff, peak discharge and sediment load predictions (values greater than 1); the MN Manning's roughness coefficient and K, C and P factors of the universal soil loss equation showed a moderate influence on sediment load simulations (values between 0·5 and 1). The selection of the Soil Conservation Service synthetic storm types has been based on the observed storm events analysis to improve the peak discharge simulations. The model prediction has proved to be good for runoff (R² = 0·74, NSE = 0·75, W = 0·92) and peak discharge (R² = 0·85, NSE = 0·70, W = 0·94), and satisfactory for sediment yield (R² = 0·70, NSE = 0·63, W = 0·91). The relative error is lower for high events; this result is quite interesting in semi‐arid environments, where most of the annual sediment yield is concentrated in a few, severe events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冰糖橙果实品质无损伤在线检测分级技术的建立与应用

【目的】冰糖橙果实外观分级与内部品质不一致极大地影响了其市场声誉,建立冰糖橙果实品质分级标准和果实快速规模化无损伤品质检测分级技术,并进行在线应用,为快速分选不同糖酸度冰糖橙产品提供技术支持。【方法】在利用常规果实品质分析方法对主产区的冰糖橙果实进行多年品质分析的基础上,找出果实外观和内在品质的相关性,确定不同果型横径与糖酸度含量的关系,形成冰糖橙果实分级标准。在此基础上,采集710-960 nm波段近红外透射光谱建立果实无损伤检测模型,利用常规品质分析数据对原始光谱反复进行校正并验证,确定无损伤检测的准确性,并在分级线上进行应用;调查统计应用无损伤检测生产线分级后各级冰糖橙的产量、销售单价和销售额。【结果】（1）根据果实横径大小进行初选分级,68-74 mm为大果型,62-67 mm为中果型,56-61 mm为小果型,再按果实的糖度（可溶性固形物Brix度）和酸度不同将冰糖橙划分为4个等级：糖度≥14、酸度≤0.4%为特级果;12≤糖度＜14、酸度≤0.4%为一等果;糖度≥14、0.6%≥酸度＞0.4%为二等果;糖度＜12、酸度≤0.4%为合格果。通过反复矫正,建立了冰糖橙果实品质分级标准。（2）通过多次进行单果糖度和酸度的分析矫正,建立了冰糖橙果实糖度和酸度的检验线。第1次建立的冰糖橙糖度检量线检测范围为10.1-14.9 Brix,再利用常规品质分析验证无损伤检测结果,合格率仅为26%。第2次建立的糖度检量线延长高糖检测范围,为10.1-16.2 Brix,经验证后合格率达90%。第3次建立的糖度检量线扩大低糖检测范围,为9.8-16.2 Brix,经验证后合格率为90%。第1次建立的冰糖橙酸度检量线检测范围为0.1%-1.26%,再利用常规品质分析验证无损伤检测结果,合格率仅为64%。第2次建立的酸度检量线延长高酸检测范围,为0.1%-1.37%,经验证后合格率达94%。第3次建立的酸度检量线继续扩大高酸检测范围,为0.1%-1.53%,经验证后合格率为92%。（3）新建立无损伤糖酸度校正和验证模型,糖度有效检测范围为8.7-15.1 Brix,酸度有效检测范围为0.14%-2.0%,经验证后糖度合格率达到98%,酸度合格率为98%。应用该分级技术,分选速度达到10个冰糖橙/秒,品质分级后最高单价48元/kg,年产量4 500 t,实现产值9 122万元。【结论】研究结果预测糖酸度准确,测量范围全面涵盖冰糖橙商品果的糖酸度,能大批量、快速、高质量和无损伤在线鉴别冰糖橙果实内在品质,结合外观品质分级标准,分选出内外品质均一的产品。     

Methyl bromide in natural fresh waters: Hydrolysis and volatilisation

The effect of some physical factors on the processes (hydrolysis, volatilisation) regulating the persistence of methyl bromide in fresh surface waters was investigated to complement previous research. It has been confirmed that electromagnetic radiation in the visible field has no influence on the hydrolysis kinetics of the fumigant. The removal of methyl bromide by volatilisation from stirred and ventilated solutions appears to be of greater importance in practice. It has been shown that under these conditions the half-life is directly proportional to the liquid depth. Without stirring volatilisation is greatly reduced, due to the low diffusivity of methyl bromide in the aqueous phase.     

The relation between polyphenoloxidase activity and ability to produce indoleacetic acid in Fusarium-infected tomato plants

Different protein fractions precipitated with ammonium sulphate from extracts of healthy andFusarium-infected tomato plants showed a linear relationship between polyphenoloxidase activity and ability to form indoleacetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan in the presence of chlorogenic acid. Dialysis slightly reduced polyphenoloxidase activity of as well as IAA formation by crude and purified extracts.Polyphenoloxidase as well as IAA production were partially inhibited by DIECA, EDTA, cystein and ascorbic acid. The inhibition was shown to occur in crude and purified extracts and stem slices of both healthy and diseased plants, but was consistently higher in material from diseased plants.The reported results may be considered to further confirm the strict interdependence between polyphenoloxidase activity and ability to form IAA in tomato plants. The different sensitivity to some inhibitors shown by material from healthy and from diseased plants is emphasized.     

Identification and evaluation of chloroplast uni- and trinucleotide sequence repeats in citrus

A cpDNA fragment of 34 genotypes belonging to Citrus and four related genera was amplified and sequenced. Chloroplast microsatellites were revealed with the length of repeats ranging from 25 to 44 bases. Other than the normal uninucleotide poly(A) repeats, a trinucleotide poly(TAA) motif was also found, the first report of such repeats in a plant chloroplast genome. According to SSR structure variations, 18 Chloroplast SSR Types (CST) were identified. The CST sequences were informative for better understanding the genetic relationships of chloroplast genomes among the analyzed genotypes and confirmed some previous hypotheses about the female parent of several hybrid accessions.