垄作栽培对冬小麦根系活力和旗叶衰老的影响

为了明确垄作栽培条件下冬小麦根系活力与旗叶衰老的变化规律,采用垄作种植方式与传统平作栽培相比较的方法,研究了2种不同种植方式对2个小麦品种烟农19和济麦19根系活力及旗叶衰老的影响。结果表明,垄作栽培中由于小麦种植在垄顶上,0-60 cm土层根系干重较平作栽培增加12％以上,深层土壤(20-60 cm)根系活力得到极显著提高。在垄作栽培条件下,小麦生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率较传统平作均有显著提高。开花15 d后,垄作栽培条件下的SOD、CAT、POD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等较传统平作栽培均有显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。垄作栽培与传统平作栽培在同等节水条件下有利于提高小麦深层根系活力,延缓旗叶衰老。     

不同类型小麦品种孕穗期低温生理反应及其抗寒性分析

为明确冬小麦抗低温倒春寒的生理机制,以多穗型小麦品种济麦22、邯6172和大穗型小麦品种临麦4号、潍麦8号为材料,研究了孕穗期低温(1℃、-2℃)对小麦叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,在低温处理当天,1℃低温下,4个品种的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量均不同程度增加,SOD活性除济麦22外均提高;-2℃低温下,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加更明显,SOD活性除临麦4号外均降低,各品种MDA含量均显著减少。低温处理第3d和第6d,低温最初诱导产生的脯氨酸逐渐减少,MDA含量大幅降低,其余指标均增加。经用隶属函数法综合分析,4个品种的抗寒性相近,穗型间差异不明显。     

氮肥运筹对垄作小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响

为给垄作小麦生产提供理论依据与技术支持,采用正交设计的试验方法,研究了氮素运筹对垄作小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,适当增加施氮量,能够显著提高垄作小麦生育后期旗叶的光合速率及产量.在施氮量(纯氮)为每公顷250 kg左右时,小麦旗叶光合速率最高,产量也最高.在氮肥用量一定的情况下,33%播种前基施,67%拔节期追施,小麦后期光合速率和产量最高.垄作小麦在开花期光合速率略低于平作小麦,但自灌浆开始旗叶光合速率一直高于传统平作小麦,且差异显著.虽然垄作小麦的公顷穗数显著小于平作小麦,但是前者的穗粒数和千粒重却都显著大于后者,因而垄作小麦的产量也显著高于平作小麦.在较高肥力条件下,小麦采用垄作栽培方式,氮肥总用量250 kg/ha左右,基追比为1∶2时,可以获得较高的籽粒产量.     

PEG胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗抗旱生理指标的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种的早期筛选工作提供理论依据,以济麦262(抗旱型)、烟农19(中间型)和临麦2号(水分敏感型)为材料,采用PEG模拟干旱胁迫,探究干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗生物量、含水量、根系形态特征、抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,PEG胁迫下,三个品种中济麦262的生物量最大,地下部含水量显著高于临麦2号和烟农19;其根系的总长、总投影面积、总面积和总体积最大,且受抑制程度最低;其抗氧化酶活性在一定程度上明显增强,尤其是叶片和根系过氧化物酶、根系超氧化物歧化酶及叶片过氧化氢酶活性增强幅度显著高于临麦2号和烟农19;其叶片光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP)和PSⅡ的实际光化学效率与CK相比均呈下降的趋势,其中qP下降程度最低,荧光非光化学淬灭显著增强且高于其他两个品种。综上所述,在PEG胁迫下抗旱品种的生长受抑制程度最小,清除氧自由基能力较强,光能利用率高。     

山东农机农艺融合的障碍因素与对策建议

研究了小麦玉米栽培方式和机械化生产的现状,分析了小麦玉米轮作机械化生产与高产栽培技术之间存在的种植方式、农艺环节、配套机械种类、收获方式、良种质量等相关问题,探讨了影响小麦玉米主要粮食作物生产机艺融合的历史、传统观点、经营模式、科技体制等障碍因素,提出了促进粮食生产农机农艺融合的政策措施和技术措施,旨在推动建设持续稳定高产高效的现代化农业生产模式。     

山东小麦生产潜力及进一步提高产量的关键措施

通过对山东省建国以来小麦生产的简单回顾及当前可利用土地资源的分析，明确了稳定面积和进一步提高单产是山东省小麦生产发展的主攻方向；并从理论和生产实践上分析了山东省小麦的产量潜力及进一步提高单产的途径。针对目前生产上的突出制约因素提出了进一步提高单产的关键措施。     

Short and long-term prospects for consumption of fish

If real prices for fish remain at the levels they had attained by 1999, in the year 2050 demand for fish and shellfish as food could be of the order of 270 million tons (live weight equivalent) per year. If producers were able to supply these quantities consumption would rise by 176% over this 50-year period. To meet the demand supply would have to expand at the rate of 2.1% annually; but, a review of the pattern of population growth--and of historical patterns of increases in per capita consumption of fish--shows that annual growth in the volume of fish demanded is likely to be largest in the coming two decades, and then to taper off. Will producers be able to deliver? It is clear that wild marine stocks at present harvested by capture fishermen cannot support fisheries that would yield much more than 100 million tons per year and of this amount a significant proportion will continue to be used for fish meal and oil production. The question therefore narrows down to: can aquaculture, or non-traditional marine species, supply the required amounts? The historical context of supply is considerably different from that which has prevailed during the past 30 years. At that time the growing demand in OECD countries was met partly through imports of fish produced in the seas and lakes of developing countries. During coming decades the increased demand in developing countries must be met essentially through their own resources. In fact, in poor countries it seems unlikely that supply will respond to demand unless they experience economic growth.