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1.
Characterization of plant-derived water extractable organic matter by multiple spectroscopic techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhongqi He Jingdong Mao C. Wayne Honeycutt Tsutomu Ohno James F. Hunt Barbara J. Cade-Menun 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):609-616
Water extractable organic matter (WEOM) derived from fresh- or early-stage decomposing soil amendment materials may play an
important role in the process of organic matter accumulation. In this study, eight WEOM samples extracted with a 40:1 (v/w) water to sample ratio from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), lupin (Lupinus albus L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and dairy manure were investigated using ultraviolet (UV)–visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solid state 13C NMR spectroscopies. UV–visible and FT-IR spectra of the plant-derived WEOM samples were typical for natural organic matter,
but possessed less humic-like characteristics than dairy manure-derived WEOM. Solution 31P NMR spectra indicated that WEOM samples extracted from alfalfa, corn, and soybean shoots contained both orthophosphate and
monoester P. Of the monoester P in WEOM from soybean shoot, 70% was phytate P. WEOM from crimson clover, hairy vetch, lupin,
and wheat shoots contained orthophosphate only. The solid-state 13C NMR spectra of the seven plant-derived WEOM samples indicated that they all were primarily composed of sugars, amino acids
or peptides, and low molecular mass carboxylic acids. Carbohydrates were dominant components with very few aromatics present
in these samples. In addition, WEOM from crimson clover and lupin, but not other three leguminous plant WEOM samples, contained
significant asparagine. On the other hand, WEOM from corn and wheat contained less amino acids or peptides. The spectra of
WEOM of dairy manure revealed the presence of significant amounts of nonprotonated carbons and lignin residues, suggesting
humification of the manure-derived WEOM. Significant carbohydrates as well as aromatics were present in this WEOM. The P and
C bonding information for these WEOM samples may be useful for understanding the effects of WEOM on soil nutrient availability
to plants.
Trade or manufacturers' names mentioned in the paper are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation,
or exclusion by the USDA-ARS. 相似文献
2.
Effect of swine and dairy manure amendments on microbial communities in three soils as influenced by environmental conditions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Robert P. Larkin C. Wayne Honeycutt Timothy S. Griffin 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,43(1):51-61
Understanding the impacts of manure amendments on soil microorganisms can provide valuable insight into nutrient availability and potential crop and environmental effects. Soil microbial community characteristics, including microbial populations and activity, substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, were compared in three soils amended or not amended with dairy or swine manure at two temperatures (18 and 25°C) and two soil water regimes (constant and fluctuating) in laboratory incubation assays. Soil type was the dominant factor determining microbial community characteristics, resulting in distinct differences among all three soil types and some differing effects of manure amendments. Both dairy and swine manures generally increased bacterial populations, substrate diversity, and FAME biomarkers for gram-negative organisms in all soils. Microbial activity was increased by both manures in an Illinois soil but only by dairy manure in two Maine soils. Dairy manure had greater effects than swine manure on SU and FAME parameters such as increased activity, utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids, substrate richness and diversity, and fungal FAME biomarkers. Temperature and water regime effects were relatively minor compared with soil type and amendment, but both significantly affected some microbial responses to manure amendments. Overall, microbial characteristics were more highly correlated with soil physical factors and soil and amendment C content than with N levels. These results indicate the importance of soil type, developmental history, and environmental factors on microbial community characteristics, which may effect nutrient availability from manure amendments and should be considered in amendment evaluations.Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture 相似文献
3.
Management practices that accelerate crop development and allow earlier harvest would be beneficial in short-season potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production areas. Yield and quality of the potato cultivar ‘Russet Burbank’ were evaluated in a 2-yr study in northern Maine to determine effects of soil tillage and seedsprouting treatments designed to dry soil early in the spring and hasten seed emergence. The tillage treatments, consisting of fall raised bed (RB), fall ridge till (RT), and spring chisel plow (CH), were tested in combination with green-sprouted and non-sprouted seed tubers on a Caribou gravelly loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid,Typic Haplorthod). Plants from green-sprouted seed emerged earlier than from non-sprouted seed tubers (87%-96% vs 21%-37%, respectively, at 18 days after planting [DAP] in 2000; and 73%-88% vs 18%-23%, respectively, at 20 DAP in 2001). Green-sprouted seed tubers in RB yielded 4.6 to 5.9 T ha-1 more than nonsprouted seed tubers in RB. However, non-sprouted seed tubers yielded higher than green-sprouted seed tubers in RT by 2.9 to 4.2 T ha-1 and in CH by 1.1 to 4.1 T ha-1. Similarly, green-sprouted seed tubers in RB and nonsprouted seed tubers in RT and CH produced higher marketable yield, greater tuber length, and greater tuber diameter than the corresponding seed-sprouting treatment. In the comparatively wetter year (2000), the use of green-sprouted seed tubers in RB significantly increased total and marketable yields, and produced longer and larger tubers than all other treatments. However, in 2001 (relatively dry year), yield and quality from green-sprouted seed tubers in RB did not differ from non-sprouted seed in RT or CH. Green-sprouted seed produced fewer sunburned and rotten tubers, but more misshapen tubers than non-sprouted seed in RB tillage. The technique of producing Russet Burbank potatoes in raised beds is a promising system in regions with short growing seasons for enhancing early soil drainage during spring and improving soil water retention during critical periods of crop growth and development. 相似文献
4.
Effects of temperature, soil water status, and soil type on swine slurry nitrogen transformations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Manure N dynamics are affected by manure characteristics, soil factors, and environmental conditions. An incubation experiment was conducted to assess the relationship of these factors. The effects of temperature (11, 18, and 25°C), soil texture (three soils, silt loam to sandy loam), and soil water status (constant at 60% water filled pore space, WFPS, and fluctuating between 30% and 60% WFPS) on net mineralization and nitrification of swine manure N were assessed. Swine manure was applied at an equivalent rate of 350 kg total N ha-1 to 250 g air-dry soil in 2-l canning jars. Subsamples were taken from each jar for NO3- and NH4+ determination when fluctuating moisture treatment dried to 30% WFPS, with sampling continuing through four wet-dry cycles at each temperature. Manure NH4+ was rapidly nitrified to NO3-. The relationship between NO3- accumulation and degree days after application (DDAA, 0°C base) could be described across temperatures using a single pool exponential model for each soil. More NO3- accumulated in coarser-textured soils (150-200 mg N kg-1 soil), compared to 130 mg N kg-1 soil in the silt loam soil. Fluctuating soil water status did not alter estimates of rate and extent of NO3- accumulation, but slowed NH4+ disappearance somewhat. 相似文献
5.
6.
Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meredith RW Janečka JE Gatesy J Ryder OA Fisher CA Teeling EC Goodbla A Eizirik E Simão TL Stadler T Rabosky DL Honeycutt RL Flynn JJ Ingram CM Steiner C Williams TL Robinson TJ Burk-Herrick A Westerman M Ayoub NA Springer MS Murphy WJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6055):521-524
Previous analyses of relations, divergence times, and diversification patterns among extant mammalian families have relied on supertree methods and local molecular clocks. We constructed a molecular supermatrix for mammalian families and analyzed these data with likelihood-based methods and relaxed molecular clocks. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in a robust phylogeny with better resolution than phylogenies from supertree methods. Relaxed clock analyses support the long-fuse model of diversification and highlight the importance of including multiple fossil calibrations that are spread across the tree. Molecular time trees and diversification analyses suggest important roles for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and Cretaceous-Paleogene (KPg) mass extinction in opening up ecospace that promoted interordinal and intraordinal diversification, respectively. By contrast, diversification analyses provide no support for the hypothesis concerning the delayed rise of present-day mammals during the Eocene Period. 相似文献
7.
O. Modesto Olanya C. Wayne Honeycutt Robert P. Larkin Timothy S. Griffin Zhongqi He John M. Halloran 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(4):267-275
Crop and soil management may modify canopy and belowground microclimate, but their effects on potential development and control
of early blight are not well documented. Several management systems (Status Quo, Soil Conserving, Soil Improving (SI), Disease
Suppressive, and Continuous Potato) were evaluated for their effects on early blight potential under irrigated and rainfed
conditions. In 2006 and 2007, microclimatic data at the canopy level were recorded with a data logger. Early blight incidence
and severity was determined by visually assessing symptoms. Disease incidence and lesion numbers varied among cropping systems
and between years. Disease incidence ranged from 31 to 64% (2006) and 12 to 43% (2007), and was significantly higher with
the Continuous Potato system than with Disease Suppressive, Status Quo, Soil Conserving, and SI systems. The relationships
of incidence and disease severity with microclimate varied and were mostly non-significant, suggesting that the chosen variables
were not reflective of pathogen development. Incidence was significantly associated with cropping systems. Disease prediction
based on the Tom-Cast model was not correlated with observed disease levels. This research demonstrated that early blight
disease is enhanced through continuous potato production. 相似文献
8.
Crop rotation can be an effective mechanism for reducing disease incidence and contributing nitrogen (N) to succeeding crops. Interactions of plant pathogen suppression and soil nutrient availability may also exist, adding to the cropping system complexity. This study examined the impact of crop rotation, N fertilization, and their interaction on growth, yield, andRhizoctonia solani incidence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Norwis). Potato was grown continuously and in two-year rotations with annual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Nitro), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), white lupin (Lupinus albus L. Ultra), and oat (Avena sativa Astro). Fertilizer was banded at potato planting with 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, or 225 kg N ha?1 as (NH4)2SO4. Approximately 58% of continuous potato possessed stem lesions caused byR. solani, but only 12 to 22% of potato stems from other rotations possessed lesions. Tuber dry weight was affected by crop rotation in 1989, a dry year, but not in 1990. Apparent N fertilizer replacement values for hairy vetch, Nitro alfalfa, white lupin, and oat were 65, 43, 26, and 11 kg N ha?1, respectively. All crop rotations studied appeared to enhance potato production by reducing stem infection byR. solani. Vetch and alfalfa provide additional benefits through their N contributions. 相似文献
9.
J. M. Halloran T. S. Griffin C. W. Honeycutt 《American Journal of Potato Research》2005,82(2):155-162
Potato cropping systems in Maine include both continuous potatoes and short-term potato rotations with small grains. Producers recognize the benefits of increased rotations, but the economics of producing a high-valued crop such as potatoes (Solanm tuberosum L.) create incentives for continuous potato production. Research at the USDA-ARS research site in Newport, ME, is evaluating the agronomic and economic impacts of five crops in two-year rotations on potato production and whole-farm profitability. The rotation crops are barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.) green bean (Phaseolus vulgares L.), soybean (Glycine max L., Mer.), and canola (Brassica napus L.). Enterprise budgets for the five crops were developed. The budgets and historical prices and yields were used as inputs to a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation was conducted to determine the impact of rotation crops on whole-farm profitability and income risk, as measured by income variability. The net incomes of the five rotation sequences were compared against continuous potatoes. Two rotation crops, sweet corn and green beans, resulted in an increase in net income relative to continuous potatoes. AU of the rotation crops were found to greatly reduce income risk and chance of economic losses. In the case of green beans and sweet corn, the analysis was rerun using data from the research trials on the following potato crop yields. Depending on whether the rotation effect was negative or positive, net income either fell or rose when compared to fist analysis. However, even when the rotation crop led to decreased yields in the following potato crop, income variability and likelihood of economic loss was still superior to the continuous potato rotation. These findings provide support for including rotation crops as a method to improve potato production and sustainability, increase wholefarm profitability, and reduce income risk. 相似文献
10.
Crop yields are often increased through crop rotation. This study examined selected soil chemical and physical properties that may constitute the N and non-N related effects of crop rotation in potato cropping systems. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Norwis) was grown continuously and in two-year rotations with annual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Nitro), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), white lupin (Lupinus albus L. Ultra), and oat (Avena sativa Astro). Hairy vetch contributed more residue N than any other crop rotation, ranging from 110 to 119 kg N ha?1. Inorganic N concentrations in potato soils were related to the previous crop’s residue N contents, and were highest following vetch and alfalfa and lowest following oat and potato. The highest mineralizable N concentration was found following vetch (46.6 mg N kg?1). Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in potato following all rotations ranged from 9.88 to 11.28 cm h?1 compared to 5.71 cm h?1 for continuous potato. Higher soil water contents were maintained in the 30 to 45 cm depth for all rotations compared to continuous potato. Thus several parameters indicate substantial N effects associated with particular crop rotations. Soil hydraulic conductivity and soil water status may also represent significant components of the rotation effect not directly related to N for these cropping systems. 相似文献