Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

Osteosarcoma of the distal femur, combined with multiple bone infarcts: the case of a 10-year-old poodle

A ten-year-old female poodle was presented for left hindlimb lameness. Radiographically, irregular intramedullary densities of long bones (bone infarcts) and a lytic lesion in the left distal femur were detected. Two years after the first examination, the lesions in the distal femur were definitely identified as osteosarcoma and the dog was euthanized. Pathological and histological changes of the bone infarcts as well as of the osteosarcoma are described. Regarding bibliographical data, occurrence and aetiopathogenesis of osteosarcoma associated with multifocal bone infarction in man and dog are discussed.     

Mutualism between euryhaline tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii and Chlorella sp.—Implications for nano-algal production in warmwater phytoplankton-based recirculating systems

The West-African euryhaline tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii shift from visually feeding on zooplankton when juveniles to mostly filter feeding on phytoplankton when adults. When reared using an appropriate ration in intensive aquaculture systems, S. m. heudelotii also consume algal-based detritus, and contribute to sediment mineralization, clean up their environment, and ultimately stimulate and sustain algal growth. We analysed such practical advantages for phytoplankton-based recirculating systems, using S. m. heudelotii and Chlorella sp. as biological material originating from the prototype of such a system operated in Senegal. We performed a 24-h factorial design experiment in 36 tubs, cross-classifying three levels of S. m. heudelotii (fishless control, unfed fish, and fed fish) with four levels of Chlorella initial density.Chlorella overall mean density increased significantly from fishless, to unfed fish, and fed fish treatments, and with Chlorella initial density. S. m. heudelotii did not alter nitrogen nor phosphorus concentrations, only affected by algal initial densities. Most ammonia excreted by fish was probably uptaken by Chlorella. Bacteria-mediated diurnal nitrification was possibly an alternative ammonium loss mechanism at highest oxygen concentrations. Algae were not limited by nitrogen or phosphorus but most likely by low dissolved organic carbon availability. Chlorella differential responses with fed vs. unfed Sarotherodon suggest that CO₂ supplied by heterotrophic S. m. heudelotii respiration played a key role. Observed Chlorella growth rates were similar to the highest rates obtained in algal mass cultures, enriched with CO₂, nitrate and phosphate, under artificial lighting.Our results suggest the existence of a Sarotherodon-Chlorella mutualism in our systems, where S. m. heudelotii provide CO₂, the major limiting factor of Chlorella growth, whereas Chlorella oxygenate and detoxify the water media from ammonia, promoting S. m. heudelotii production. This mutualism could be used to optimize photosynthetic suspended-growth aquaculture systems, particularly in the Tropics where light is abundant and temperature is continuously high.     

Operation technique and healing process of telescopic ileocolostomy in dogs

The healing process of telescopic anastomoses was found in an animal experiment with 12 mongrel dogs. After the division of vessels an ileal segment of different length was invaginated into the lumen of the colon using single-layer interrupted sutures. The following four groups were used: Group A (n = 3): end-to-side ileocolostomy, single-layer interrupted suture (invagination length: 0 mm), survival time: 21 days. Group B (n = 3): invagination length: 20 mm, survival time: 7 days. Group C (n = 3): invagination length: 10 mm, survival time: 21 days. Group D (n = 3): invagination length: 20 mm, survival time: 21 days. At the end of the above survival times the anastomosis area was removed. The bursting pressure was measured and morphological as well as histological examinations were performed. In each case the 0-day look-alikes of anastomoses were performed using the remnant bowels, and bursting pressure measurements were done on these models as well. Anastomosis leakage did not occur. The serosal layer of the intracolonic part of the ileum disappeared during the healing process. The free surface of the intracolonic ileal segment became covered by the sliding mucosa of the colon and the prolapsing mucosa of the ileum. The following could be concluded after the experiments: The inner pressure tolerance of a telescopic ileocolostomy promptly after preparation is better than in case of another single-layer anastomosis. This fact results in increased safety against leakage on the first postoperative days. The inner pressure tolerance of the telescopic ileocolostomy increases during the healing process and it does not depend on the length of the invaginated part (0 day-20 mm: 56 mmHg +/- 6, Group A: 252 +/- 39, Group B: 154 +/- 19, Group C: 249 +/- 20, Group D: 298 +/- 2). There is no difference in pressure tolerance between the telescopic and the end-to-side single-layer interrupted anastomoses after the healing process. The invaginated section within the lumen of the large intestine does not suffer ischaemic or any other kind of damage. This inexpensive and simple anastomosis technique could be useful in the veterinary surgical practice as well.     

Facet joint geometry and intervertebral disk degeneration in the L5-S1 region of the vertebral column in German Shepherd dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible association between facet joint geometry and intervertebral disk degeneration in German Shepherd Dogs. ANIMALS: 25 German Shepherd Dogs and 11 control dogs of similar body weight and condition. PROCEDURE: Facet joint angles in the caudal portion of the lumbar region of the vertebral column (L5-S1) were measured by use of computed tomography, and the intervertebral discs were evaluated microscopically. The relationship between facet joint geometry and disk degeneration was evaluated by use of statistical methods. RESULTS: German Shepherd Dogs had significantly more facet joint tropism than control dogs, but an association with disk degeneration was not found. However, German Shepherd Dogs had a different facet joint conformation, with more sagittally oriented facet joints at L5-L6 and L6-L7 and a larger angle difference between the lumbar and lumbosacral facet joints, compared with control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A large difference between facet joint angles at L6-L7 and L7-S1 in German Shepherd Dogs may be associated with the frequent occurrence of lumbosacral disk degeneration in this breed.     

Effects of paraquat treatment on fish transaminase molecular subforms

The effects of paraquat (PQ; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium dichloride) treatment were investigated in carp, silver carp and wels. The serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT; L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1.) level was enhanced by 50% at 1 ppm exposure and by 100% at 10 ppm exposure in all species, and there was a change in the distribution of the molecular subforms of GOT in the liver and heart. The activities of the individual subforms decreased with increasing PQ concentration or after a longer exposure. In some cases, one of the subforms was no longer present in the liver. An increased serum GOT activity, a decreased enzyme activity in different organs and the disappearance of molecular subform indicate tissue damage.     

多年生黑麦草顶峰的引种适应性研究

国外引进优良草坪草种———多年生黑麦草顶峰 (Pinnacle) ,在国内的 3个气候带 :北京 (北过渡带 )、兰州 (寒冷半干旱带 )和成都 (南过渡带 )等地 ,进行了品种评定和适应性的研究 ,结果表明 :多年生黑麦草顶峰适宜在中国北方过渡带和南方夏季不甚高温高湿的地区推广 ,在兰州以西越冬不理想。     

基因型及外源因子对小麦花药培养一步成苗的影响

研究了不同基因型及几种外源因子在小麦花药培养一步成苗中的效应。结果表明 ,花药培养一步成苗的愈伤组织诱导率、绿苗分化率、白苗分化率及绿苗产量存在基因型间的差异。高蔗糖浓度有利于获得高频率的花药愈伤组织 ,但同时又提高了花药培养中白化苗频率。动力精 (KT)对花药愈伤组织诱导率影响的差异不大 ,但对绿苗分化率、绿苗产量及绿苗 /白苗 (G/ W)均有显著影响。在试验浓度范围内 ,随 KT浓度的增大 ,绿苗产量提高 ,绿苗分化率明显增加 ,而白苗分化率下降 ,因而 G/ W值明显增大。说明 KT主要是通过提高绿苗分化率和降低白苗分化率 ,增大 G/ W而提高花培一步成苗效率的。在与 KT的配合使用中 ,2 ,4 - D比 NAA更有利于提高小麦花药培养中的愈伤组织诱导率和苗分化频率     

甘蓝新品种秦甘70的选育及其抗病优质性评价

秦甘 70是利用具有抗病优质和配合力高的两个自交不亲和系 HS2 10 3- 6 - 9和 FT6 32 8- 1- 5配育成的杂交一代 ,为中早熟甘蓝新品种 ,定植到叶球收获 70 d左右。植株综合经济性状优良 ,中心柱 6 .5 cm,紧实度0 .5 7,帮叶比 2 6 .5 % ;叶质脆甜 ,富含营养物质 ,鲜重含粗蛋白 11.81g/ kg,粗纤维 4 .113g/ kg,可溶糖 32 .5 g/ kg,VB1 2 .118g/ kg;抗 Tu MV,Br和 CMV3种病害 ;产量 6 4 32 0 .0 kg/ hm2 ,比对照中甘八号增产 15 .1%。     

印度南瓜与中国南瓜有性杂交亲和性研究

为提供用中国南瓜改良印度南瓜的理论依据，选用印度南瓜的3个栽培品种与中国南瓜的4个栽培品种进行人工杂交，观察其杂交亲和性表现。结果表明：印度南瓜P6，P7等品种与中国南瓜P2，P3，P4，P5等品种间存在杂交不亲和性，印度南瓜P1与中国南瓜P4，P5间存在杂交不亲和性，而与P2，P3间不存在杂交不亲和性。