Pathomorphological changes in roe deer lungs during ontogenesis of Varestrongylus capreoli (Stroh et Schmid, 1938) Dougherty, 1945

The specification of pathomorphological changes occurring during Varestrongylus capreoli ontogenesis was studied on the basis of different forms of inflammation. The character, course and extent of inflammatory reactions were contingent on the maturity, localization and number of worms. The allergic inflammation accompanying the development of juvenile specimens inside the alveoli was followed by the regeneration of lung tissues providing suitable conditions for further development of the parasite. A prolonged edema occurring during the differentiation of juvenile parasites localized in the bronchioles caused a disposition of the roughen bronchial wall to its miliary necrotic disintegration producing a negative effect on further development of the helminth. The pathomorphological effect of mature productive parasites was characterized by focal changes hatching nodes. Activated epithelial cells of alveoli, phagocytizing disintegrating eggs and not developing 1st-stage larvae together with eosinophilic granulocytes participated in the restoration of the host lung functional ability while tolerating the presence of the parasite. A difficult excretion of sex products from the lungs stimulated the development of proliferative forms of inflammation reducing the number of Varestrongylus specimens.     

Present-Day deformation across the basin and range province, western united states

The distribution of deformation within the Basin and Range province was determined from 1992, 1996, and 1998 surveys of a dense, 800-kilometer-aperture, Global Positioning System network. Internal deformation generally follows the pattern of Holocene fault distribution and is concentrated near the western extremity of the province, with lesser amounts focused near the eastern boundary. Little net deformation occurs across the central 500 kilometers of the network in western Utah and eastern Nevada. Concentration of deformation adjacent to the rigid Sierra Nevada block indicates that external plate-driving forces play an important role in driving deformation, modulating the extensional stress field generated by internal buoyancy forces that are due to lateral density gradients and topography near the province boundaries.     

Focal changes in the lungs of wild hares caused by the parasite Protostrongylus commutatus (Diesing, 1851)]

The pathomorphological changes in the lungs of hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) provoked by the parasite P. commutatus (Diesing, 1851) are macroscopically manifested as layer and nodular changes. With regard to the fact that the layer changes are suggesting the hatching nodules of protostronglyoses of small domestic ruminants, we have decided to rate them separately because of the differentiation. The layer changes on the surface of hare's lungs become evident as areas of emphysema, inflammation and induration. The emphysematous changes are macroscopically evident in the form of lobular formation (Fig. 1). Histologically, it was found out that the emphysematous effect was limited by an area of compressed lungs structures without perspicuous signs of the development of atelectatic changes (Fig. 2). The emphysematous changes are causing prominent exudative inflammatory processes in the bronchi and bronchioli provoked by unfertilized and disintegrating eggs of parasites. Inflammatory layers are macroscopically evident as solid brown-reddish areas (Fig. 3). Their macroscopic manifestation is transient. It is qualified by the stages of the inflammation itself. It is possible to put down the stage of manifestative development of the changes in the inflammatory areas only by continual examinations of hare's lungs all year round. Unfertilized eggs and grounded, disintegrating larvae of protostrongylus are provoking the inflammatory reactions which may lead in the layer changes to the obliteration of bronchioli (Fig. 6), which is macroscopically evident as induration (Fig. 7). The bronchioli are obliterated so that the phagocytic ability of monocytes is transformed to a reparative ability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Global positioning system measurements for crustal deformation: precision and accuracy

Analysis of 27 repeated observations of Global Positioning System (GPS) position-difference vectors, up to 11 kilometers in length, indicates that the standard deviation of the measurements is 4 millimeters for the north component, 6 millimeters for the east component, and 10 to 20 millimeters for the vertical component. The uncertainty grows slowly with increasing vector length. At 225 kilometers, the standard deviation of the measurement is 6, 11, and 40 millimeters for the north, east, and up components, respectively. Measurements with GPS and Geodolite, an electromagnetic distance-measuring system, over distances of 10 to 40 kilometers agree within 0.2 part per million. Measurements with GPS and very long baseline interferometry of the 225-kilometer vector agree within 0.05 part per million.