苹果试管苗不定根起源及其发育状况的研究

利用光学和扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明,经琼脂生根培养基诱导产生的长富—2苹果 (Malus pumila Mill.) 试管苗的不定根起源于维管形成层。这种不定根发育不良,根表面缺乏根毛,内部解剖构造为典型的初生结构。为避免因不定根吸收、运输能力差而影响试管苗移栽成活,宜采用通透性良好的基质进行瓶内或瓶外生根,可诱导出优质不定根。     

维生素A对肉牛脂肪沉积及其调控的研究进展

维生素A是肉牛维持正常生理功能、生化代谢及生长发育所必需的一类脂溶性维生素，机体自身不能合成，必须由饲粮供给。饲粮中维生素A不仅影响肉牛视觉和骨骼发育，也对肉牛脂肪沉积和肌肉大理石花纹形成等发挥着重要调控作用。在生产中，肉牛处在不同生理阶段对维生素A的需要量也不同，胎牛和犊牛阶段补充维生素A可增强肌内脂肪细胞发育和脂肪细胞增生，促进肌内脂肪沉积；育肥期限饲维生素A可提高肉牛的肌内脂肪沉积和大理石花纹等级。大理石花纹与牛肉的嫩度和风味密切相关，是衡量牛肉品质的重要指标。维生素A在肉牛体内通过其活性代谢产物视黄醇、视黄醛和视黄酸促进脂肪的形成，并在成脂定型、成脂分化和脂质蓄积的每个阶段都发挥重要作用。脂肪沉积过程受转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors，PPARs）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白（CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins，C/EBPs）和Janus激酶-信号转导及转录激活因子（JAK-STAT）信号转导通路等调控。表观遗传修饰的DNA甲基化和去甲基化也可通过调控脂肪形成过程中相关基因的表达参与脂肪细胞的分化和脂肪组织的生长发育，从而影响肉牛的脂肪沉积。作者主要介绍了脂肪组织不同阶段的形成过程和维生素A的生物学功能；重点阐述了肉牛在不同生理阶段补充和限饲维生素A，通过转录因子的表达、表观遗传修饰等途径来影响成脂相关信号通路调控脂肪沉积的机理，以期为促进维生素A改善肉牛品质和高档牛肉生产提供参考。     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

生物炭对不同酸化水平稻田土壤性质和重金属Cu、Cd有效性影响

针对南方稻田土壤酸化严重,导致养分流失有毒重金属活化,严重影响稻米质量安全的重大现实问题。以水稻秸秆和谷壳等农业废弃物为原料制备生物炭(分别记为RSC和RHC),研究不同原料生物炭对酸化土壤改良及其对重金属有效性的影响。设置3个生物炭用量(0,20,50 g/kg,分别记为CK、C1、C2),4种土壤酸化水平(pH 4.01,4.25,4.33,4.58,分别记为L1、L2、L3、L4),生物炭与重金属污染土壤共同培养60天后测定土壤pH、全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾和有效态Cu、Cd含量。结果表明:RSC对酸化土壤pH的改良效果明显优于RHC,且施炭量越高提高幅度越大,RSC的C2处理使4种酸度水平的土壤pH分别提高了0.68,0.97,1.29,1.71个单位。2种生物炭均能提高土壤的全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量,其中各施炭处理有机质显著提高,尤以速效钾的增幅最为显著,RSC对4种养分的提高均优于RHC。RHC对土壤有效态Cu含量无显著影响;RSC的C2较C1处理更能降低土壤中有效态Cu含量,使4种酸度水平的土壤分别降低了13.62%,6.57%,4.36%,7.88%。RHC处理的L3、L4土壤中有效态Cd含量显著降低,最大分别降低了13.79%,19.23%。RSC使4种酸度土壤有效态Cd含量最大分别降低了20.00%,25.81%,20.69%,19.23%。相关分析表明,土壤pH与有效态重金属含量呈显著负相关关系。水稻秸秆炭用于改良酸化土壤、降低重金属Cu和Cd有效性的效果更佳,且降低污染土壤中Cd的有效性较Cu好;生物炭对酸化程度越低的土壤pH和有效磷含量的提高以及有效态Cd含量的降低效果较好,而有效态Cu含量的降低效果则在酸化程度越高的土壤中表现更佳;土壤pH是生物炭调控重金属Cu、Cd有效性的主要影响因素。     

种植密度对雪茄烟膜脂过氧化特性及烟叶质量的影响

为探究不同种植密度对雪茄烟叶生理生化特性和品质的影响,确定四川雪茄烟适宜的种植密度,以德雪一号为供试材料,测定了成熟期田间微气候、烟叶膜脂过氧化程度、抗氧化酶活性和烟叶产质量等指标。结果表明,随着种植密度的增大,烟田温湿度增大,烟叶所受光照强度降低。成熟期温度与烟叶膜脂过氧化程度呈显著正相关关系,相关系数在0.52~0.85之间。同一时期内烟叶丙二醛（MDA）含量随种植密度增大呈先降后升趋势,抗氧化酶活性呈先升后降趋势。种植密度为21 000株/hm²时抗氧化酶活性最高,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性在打顶后28d达到最高,分别为61.6U/(gFW·min)和123.0U/(mg·min),超氧化物歧化酶活性在打顶后21d达到最高,为755.8U/g,打顶后35d MDA含量为25.3mmol/g,膜脂过氧化程度最低。调制后烟叶总糖含量增至1.86%,烟碱含量为3.02%,钾氯比高达9.21,化学成分较为协调,感官评吸得分最高,烟叶产值与茄衣烟比例较常规种植密度24 000株/hm²分别提升了0.9万元/hm²和7%。综上所述,21 000株/hm²为四川省雪茄烟适宜的种植密度。     

四轮独立驱动高地隙无人喷雾机轨迹跟踪自适应控制

针对高地隙喷雾机在自主导航作业中因侧滑影响而导致轨迹跟踪精度降低的问题,提出一种基于四轮独立驱动(4WID)高地隙无人喷雾机的自适应控制方法。首先,建立4WID高地隙喷雾机的运动学模型;然后基于运动学几何约束和速度约束,引入两个表征侧滑效应的参数构建改进位姿误差模型;最后将参数自适应与反步控制方法结合,设计自适应控制律实时估计并补偿侧滑效应。以典型的U形作业路径为例,在考虑和不考虑侧滑的情况下分别进行了仿真和试验验证。仿真结果表明：本文提出的控制算法在喷雾机出现侧滑的情况下可以保证较高的轨迹跟踪精度;水田试验表明,当喷雾机在常规作业速度3.6km/h时,与不考虑侧滑的轨迹跟踪控制算法相比,喷雾机轨迹跟踪的横向平均绝对误差减小至0.041m,标准差减小至0.059m;纵向平均绝对误差减小至0.018m,标准差减小至0.015m;航向平均绝对误差减小至2.56°,标准差减小至3.57°。     

播种方式和种植密度对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响

为探究播种方式和种植密度对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响,以新冬22号为材料,采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区设条播（DR）和匀播（UN）2种播种方式,副区设150万粒·hm^-2（D150）、225 万粒·hm^-2（D225）、300万粒·hm^-2（D300）和375万粒·hm^-2（D375）4种种植密度,比较分析了不同播种方式和种植密度下冬小麦根系形态特征、根系伤流量和产量的差异。结果表明,随种植密度的增加,小麦总根干重、总根长呈先增后减趋势,单株次生根数、根系伤流量呈减小趋势。与条播相比,匀播下小麦总根干重、总根长显著增加,差异主要在0~30 cm土层;单株次生根数、根系伤流量增加,差异主要在生育中后期;产量显著提高（增幅9.89%）,其中以D225处理最大。综上,匀播能够促进小麦根系的生长,提高根系活性,有利于高产;在本试验条件下匀播小麦以225万粒·hm^-2种植密度最佳。     

Locomotion Score and Its Impacts on Production Performance and Blood Routine Indexes in Chinese Holstein

To investigate the influencing factors of locomotion score (LS) and its impacts on production performance and blood routine index in Holstein,body condition score (BCS),LS and DHI (dairy herd improvement) of 1 486 lactating cows from two dairy farms,and the blood routine indexes of 101 lactating cows from one farm in Beijing were measured.The fixed model was used to analyze the impacts of herd,parity and lactation stage on LS,and the impacts of LS and BCS on daily milk yield,somatic cell score,milk composition and blood routine indexes in dairy cows.The results showed that both parity and lactation stage had significant impacts on LS.The LS increased with the increase of parit,the LS increased by 0.71 from first lactation to fifth and above lactation.The LS of cow in lactation stage Ⅲ(100-199 d) and Ⅵ (after 350 d) were significantly higher than cow in stage Ⅱ (45-99 d)(P<0.05),and both were higher than 2.The LS had no significant impacts on daily milk yield,milk composition and somatic cell score (P>0.05).However,the milk yield of the cow with LS≥4 was the lowest,and a decrease of 2.29 kg was found compared with the cow with LS=1.Among the various blood routine indexes,LS had significant impacts on red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count (P<0.05),and had no significant impacts on white blood cell count (P>0.05).With the increase of LS,the red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count of cows decreased with different extents.There were some problems on the body immunity and hematopoiesis of cows with poor LS.In dairy farm,regular evaluation of LS could be used to find the management problems of feet and legs,which had a great significance to reduce the loss of production performance and early culling caused by hoof disease.     

苹果果实糖的研究现状

本文介绍了有关苹果果实糖代谢及相关酶的研究现状,并对影响苹果果实糖含量的因子进行了讨论。     

论节能式炉气体木材干燥室的设计

本文讨论了节能式炉气干燥室设计的一些技术问题，如提高自生风引力增强通风；多种传热方式并用，增强传热，降低热损失的途径等，以达到节能降耗、快速干燥的目的。