沉水植物收获机械推进器的设计研究

本文主要以沉水植物收获机械明轮推进器的连杆机构为研究对象,确定蹼板入、出水角,最小传动角和偏心距的较优组合,从而提高明轮推进效率。     

养殖对虾病毒与病毒包涵体的形态学研究

1993年6月至8月在唐山市养殖对虾大面积死亡期间,选取病虾标本若干份,经电镜检查结果发现,病毒与病毒包涵体存在部位均在胞浆内,而细胞核内则无。     

Changes in metabolic profiles of urine from rats following chronic exposure to anticholinesterase pesticides

Previous studies have demonstrated that the anticholinesterase pesticides chlorpyrifos and carbaryl are neurotoxic to mammals. However, the toxicity of these pesticides to other organs and their potential interactive effects remain unclear. Our goal in this study was to assess the toxicities of ingestion of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl both separately, and in combination to non-nervous systems, especially the effect on urinary metabolic profiles, in rats. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and a mixture of these pesticides, were administered orally to Wistar rats for 90 consecutive days. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney and metabonomic analysis based on the urinary ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used to investigate the toxic effects. The results showed that no histopathological changes were observed in the liver or kidney tissues, but metabonomic analysis revealed alternations in a number of urinary metabolites involving in the energy metabolism in liver mitochondria. Treatment of rats with chlorpyrifos alone led to an increase in creatine, glycine, dimethylglycine, dimethylamine, glutamine, succinate, alanine, lactate, and glucose. The categories of main differential urinary metabolites in carbaryl-treated rats were similar to those in chlorpyrifos-treated rats, whereas the changes were of varying degree. A combination of a low dose of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl resulted in an increase in the levels of main urinary metabolites compared to the controls, and the increase in signal intensity of the main metabolites was lower than that in the rats exposed to chlorpyrifos or carbaryl alone. All above results suggest that chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl alone, or in combination could cause disturbance of metabolic function in liver mitochondria and renal failure. Overall, we have shown that urine metabonomic analysis is non-invasive, sensitive, and relatively fast for assessing the individual or mutual effects following exposure to pesticides.     

不同药剂对(木奈)李保花保果效应的研究

以7～8年生毛桃砧(木奈)李为试材,在花蕾期和谢花期分别喷施强迫座果剂、硼酸、2,4-D和九二○进行保花保果。结果表明;4种药剂最佳的保花浓度分别为;900倍,0.1%,5×10~(-3)g/L,3×10~(-2)g/L,其中以900×强迫座果剂和0.1%硼酸的效果最好;最适保果浓度分别为:1 000倍,0.1%,6×10~(-3)g/L 和3×10~(-2)g/L,以6×10~(-3)g/L 2,4-D 效果最佳。前3种药剂对减少第一次生理落果效应明显,九二○对降低第二次生理落果的效应显著.     

氯化钠对作物的效应及其临界值研究

本研究采用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ进行水稻，大豆土培试验。结果表明：低浓度ＮａＣｌ对大稻，大豆的生育有一定的促进作用，超过一定浓度便产生危害，生育受阻，产量降低，当土壤ＮａＣｌ含量为１５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，水稻减产１４．６％，为１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，大豆减产１７．１％。     

猪基因组选择“两步走”策略的计算机模拟评估

【背景】基因组选择育种自2001年被MEUWISSEN等提出以来,已广泛应用在奶牛、猪等重要家畜的育种中,并显著加快了其重要经济性状的遗传改良速度。2017年,在全国畜牧总站的组织协调下,在全国生猪遗传改良计划框架内,猪全基因组选择育种平台项目正式启动。【目的】尽管基因组选择在种猪选育中取得了良好的效果,基因分型技术的不断升级也带来了成本的持续下降,但对于我国多数核心育种场依然面临着基因芯片分型个体数量不足、基因组选择实施流程不完善等问题,限制了该技术的大规模推广应用。结合我国生猪育种的实际情况,研究提出了一种“终测选择-早期选择”的“两步走”基因组选择策略。“终测选择”指在终测结束后利用一步法基因组BLUP对后备猪进行遗传评估,当群体中芯片分型个体数量达到一定规模后进行“早期选择”。【方法】以杜洛克、长白和大白三个种猪品种真实的50K基因芯片数据作为基础群体对不同品种分别进行大群模拟,共模拟4个世代,前3个世代作为基础群体,第4个世代作为测试群体,每个个体模拟两个性状（中等遗传力性状和低遗传力性状）,利用猪基因组选择育种平台基于HIBLUP软件计算不同品种、不同性状的育种值,比较一步法基因组BLUP和常规BLUP两种方法的预测准确性。根据测试群个体有无终测成绩对其基因组育种值影响大小来评估早期选择效果。【结果】分析表明在3个品种内中等遗传力性状的终测选择效果和早期选择效果均好于低遗传力性状。一步法基因组BLUP的选择准确性均优于常规BLUP的选择准确性,并且随着测试群中芯片分型个体数量的增加、群体规模的扩大,预测准确性越来越高。一步法基因组BLUP的早期选择效果好于常规BLUP,当群体中芯片数量达到2 000张时就可以开展早期选择,阉割排名后30%的个体,可以保证前1%的优秀个体不会被错误淘汰,并且随着芯片数量的增加、早期选择的效果会越来越好。【结论】基因组选择“两步走”的策略符合我国国情、容易在生猪育种中推广实施。当芯片数量较少时,可以开展“终测选择”,一定程度上提高选择的准确性,提高育种效率;当芯片数量较多时,可以开展“早期选择”,对排名靠后的猪只个体进行早期阉割,增加优秀个体的测定量,增大选择强度、加快遗传进展。“两步走”策略符合我国生猪产业基因组选择育种的实际需求,该策略的实施将有利于推动我国猪基因组选择的应用、加快种猪改良进程。