Survival of silver catfish fingerlings exposed to acute changes of water pH and hardness

Theaim of this study was to examine the survival of fingerlings of silver catfish,Rhamdia quelen, in water with different pH and hardnessvalues. Fingerlings (1.60 ± 0.14 g; 5.67 ± 0.15cm) were randomly assigned to 35 treatments (in triplicate) andmaintained in 44 L polyethylene tanks (10 fingerlings/tank) for 96h. Fingerlings were exposed to seven solutions of varying pH (3.5,3.75, 4.0, 7.0, 9.5, 10.0, and 10.5) and five solutions of varying hardness(30,70, 150, 300, and 600 mg.l^?1 CaCO₃).Survival was assessed at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Fingerlingmortality was 100% after 12 h exposure to pH 3.5 at all hardnesslevels, whereas mortality at pH 3.75, 10.0, and 10.5 decreased with increasinghardness. There was no mortality of fingerlings exposed to pH 4.0, 7.0, and 9.5at all hardness levels. The results allow us to conclude that the hardnesslevels studied do not affect the survival of silver catfish fingerlings exposedto pH 3.5, 4.0, 7.0, and 9.5 for 96 h. However, the increase ofwater hardness improved survival of fingerlings of this species exposed to pH3.75, 10.0, and 10.5.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to root diseases in cool season food legumes

Summary Soil-borne fungal diseases are among the most important factors, limiting the yield of grain legumes in many countries worldwide. Root rot, caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and wilt, caused by several formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum are the most destructive soil-borne diseases of pea, chickpea, lentil, fababean and lupin. The most effective control of these diseases is achieved through the use of resistant varieties. In this paper, recent advances in conventional and innovative screening methods for disease resistance are presented. Many grain legume accessions, which are maintained in national and international germplasm collections, have been evaluated for disease resistance and numerous resistant varieties have been released following incorporation of identified resistance genes from these sources. Recent identification of molecular markers tightly linked to resistance genes has greatly enhanced breeding programs by making marker assisted selection (MAS) possible and allowing the development of varieties with multiple disease resistance. Progress in the understanding of the biology of soil-borne fungal pathogens of grain legumes is also reviewed with particular reference to the genetic structure of their populations, diagnosis and host–pathogen interaction.     

Application of biotechnology in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress

Summary Lentil is a self-pollinating diploid (2n = 14 chromosomes) annual cool season legume crop that is produced throughout the world and is highly valued as a high protein food. Several abiotic stresses are important to lentil yields world wide and include drought, heat, salt susceptibility and iron deficiency. The biotic stresses are numerous and include: susceptibility to Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta lentis; Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum; Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum; Sclerotinia white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; rust, caused by Uromyces fabae; and numerous aphid transmitted viruses. Lentil is also highly susceptible to several species of Orabanche prevalent in the Mediterranean region, for which there does not appear to be much resistance in the germplasm. Plant breeders and geneticists have addressed these stresses by identifying resistant/tolerant germplasm, determining the genetics involved and the genetic map positions of the resistant genes. To this end progress has been made in mapping the lentil genome and several genetic maps are available that eventually will lead to the development of a consensus map for lentil. Marker density has been limited in the published genetic maps and there is a distinct lack of co-dominant markers that would facilitate comparisons of the available genetic maps and efficient identification of markers closely linked to genes of interest. Molecular breeding of lentil for disease resistance genes using marker assisted selection, particularly for resistance to Ascochyta blight and Anthracnose, is underway in Australia and Canada and promising results have been obtained. Comparative genomics and synteny analyses with closely related legumes promises to further advance the knowledge of the lentil genome and provide lentil breeders with additional genes and selectable markers for use in marker assisted selection. Genomic tools such as macro and micro arrays, reverse genetics and genetic transformation are emerging technologies that may eventually be available for use in lentil crop improvement.     

Anaesthetic and antioxidant effects of Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey.) DC. and Curcuma longa L. essential oils on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

Anaesthetic substances are necessary to reduce fish stress during aquaculture activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Myrcia sylvatica (EOMS) and Curcuma longa (EOCL) as anaesthetics for Colossoma macropomum and (ii) to evaluate the effects of rapid anaesthesia and long‐term sedation (6 h) with these oils. Therefore, the main primary stress indicator (cortisol) and secondary factors (biochemical indices, hepatic metabolism, oxidative biomarkers) were measured. Sedation with the EOCL resulted in lower cortisol levels compared to control group. Total cholesterol levels were lower in fish sedated with EOMS than in control. Lactate levels were higher in fish anaesthetized with both EOs and sedated with EOCL compared to control. Both EOs increased hepatic glycogen levels after anaesthesia and EOMS increased this parameter after sedation compared to control. Anaesthesia and sedation with EOs resulted in lower levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) compared to control. In turn, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes evaluated (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione‐S‐transferase), the content of non‐protein thiols and total reactive antioxidant potential were higher in tissues of fish anaesthetized and sedated with EOs compared to control. This induction of antioxidant capacity in the tissues could be due to the antioxidant property exerted by these EOs. Thus, EOMS and EOCL are recommended for anaesthesia and sedation of fish because in spite of inducing anaerobic metabolism, these EOs did not alter most biochemical parameters, reduced the LPO and increased the antioxidant capacity in vital tissues.     

Vernalization response of domesticated × wild chickpea progeny is subject to strong genotype by environment interaction

Vernalization insensitivity is a key feature of domesticated chickpea, and its genetic basis is not well understood. We studied vernalization response among hybrid progeny derived from two domesticated × wild crosses. The wild parents are vernalization‐sensitive, late‐flowering genotypes while both domesticated parents are vernalization insensitive. Parental lines and hybrid progeny were tested with (28 days at 4°C) and without vernalization (control). The difference in mean days to flower (?DTF) between control and vernalization treatments was used to assess the flowering vernalization response. A wide range of ?DTF values was observed among the hybrid progeny. Strong genotype by environment interaction effect on ?DTF was observed for the parental accessions and hybrid progeny. We used the ?DTF values to select vernalization responsive and non‐responsive progeny lines. However, the genotype × environment interaction strongly interfered with our selection. Chickpea breeders interested in using the wild progenitor as a donor of exotic traits should be aware of the possibility of introducing vernalization response alleles that may alter the phenology of their breeding materials in an unpredictable manner.     

Cross-crop effects on larval growth,survivorship and fecundity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis>

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a destructive pest that affects a variety of crop plants. Because of its polyphagous feeding habit, mobility as adults, and high fecundity, the expanding infestations of H. armigera in different crops have caused economic losses and difficulties for pest population management. In Brazil, a sequence of different crop systems in the same area and crop rotation during the year can create a spatio-temporal mosaic of crops where H. armigera can persist. However, the consequences of the simultaneous and/or alternating presence of host plants for H. armigera populations through generations are unknown. In this study, we simulated, in the laboratory, hypothetical situations for the availability of soybean and cotton crops in the landscape. We evaluated the effects of: (1) the number of generations during which a population feeds on a host-plant species; (2) the succession of host-plant species on which populations have fed for two generations; and (3) the parental host plant on the fitness of H. armigera populations. Only the current host plant on which larvae fed affected the performance of the H. armigera populations. Decrease of mortality rates during the immature period was slowed when the larvae fed on soybean. The lowest value of reproductive potential (R ₀) was found for individuals originating from mating between females and males reared in cotton. Our results indicated that pest-management and biological-control plans for H. armigera should be developed on a regional scale rather than for just a specific crop area.     

The Odd Log-Logistic Student <Emphasis Type="Italic">t</Emphasis> Distribution: Theory and Applications

The normal distribution is most used in analysis of experiments. However, it is not suitable to apply in situations where the data have evidence of bimodality or heavier tails than the normal distribution. So, we propose a new four-parameter model called the odd log-logistic Student t distribution as an alternative to the normal and Student t distributions. The new distribution can be symmetric, platykurtic, mesokurtic or leptokurtic and may be unimodal or bimodal. Its various structural properties can be determined from the linear representation of its density function. The estimation of the model parameters is performed by maximum likelihood. The proposed distribution can be used as an alternative for randomized complete block design, thus providing analysis of real data more realistic than other special regression models. We perform a sensitivity analysis to detect influential or outlying observations, and construct generated envelopes from the residuals to select appropriate models. We illustrate the importance of the proposed model by means of three real data sets in analysis of experiments carried out in different regions of Brazil.     

Different approaches for modeling grouped survival data: A mango tree study

Interval-censored survival data, in which the event of interest is not observed exactly but is only known to occur within some time interval, occur very frequently. In some situations, event times might be censored into different, possibly overlapping intervals of variable widths; however, in other situations, information is available for all units at the same observed visit time. In the latter cases, interval-censored data are termed grouped survival data. Here we present alternative approaches for analyzing intervalcensored data. We illustrate these techniques using a survival data set involving mango tree lifetimes. This study is an example of grouped survival data.