基于GIS的印度尼西亚Parung Panjang林场的森林资源信息管理系统开发

结合可持续发展森林计划开发一个森林资源管理工具,并应用于印度尼西亚西爪哇省Bogor地区的Parung Pan-jang林场。在Visual Basic6.0的平台上,运用了地理信息系统（GIS,由环境系统研究院开发）的组件式对象模型（COM）和MapObjects的嵌入式GIS ActiveX控件。该系统的基础功能包括数据录入,图形和属性数据处理查询,输出数据的统计分析和数据管理等,如图层操作、地图缩放、地图属性管理、数据查询、数据编辑和统计地图的显示等。有了这项新的地理信息系统程序,Parung Pajang林场森林的新数据及以前的统计数据都将被纳入一个系统,可以协助组织者、管理者、相关研究人员及其他相关人员,改善决策,评估和监测森林资源。     

饲料中霉菌毒素生物学特性及其检测防治的研究进展

霉菌毒素是毒性很强的霉菌次生代谢产物,是农作物的霉变重要诱因。当被动物体食入、吸入或被皮肤吸收后,霉菌毒素常常会引起机能减退、疾病乃至死亡。导致饲料霉菌毒素污染的原因包括环境因素和饲料生产环节两个方面。高温高湿的环境会促进霉菌毒素的生长旺盛。近十年来因为与人类以及动物的健康和生产密切相关,霉菌毒素的研究不断得到重视。因此,饲料原料有效的、低成本的、快速的检测手段尤为重要。当前方法有使用高效液相色谱(HPLC),薄层色谱法(TLC)。此外,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)也被应用到快速检测中。荧光偏振免疫法等新方法也逐步被应用,基于红外光谱技术的方法也不断被报导。防治农作物霉变的方法包括提早收割,合理干燥、设备处理和储存加工。此外可以使用化学、生物、脱霉剂等来减少霉菌毒素的危害。     

一株芽孢杆菌属的苄嘧磺隆降解菌的分离鉴定和降解研究

The objectives of this study were to isolate a bensulfuron-methyl (BSM)-degrading strain of Bacillus spp. and to evaluate its effectiveness in remediation of a BSM-contaminated soil. A BSM-degrading bacterium, strain L1, was successfully isolated in this study. Strain L1 was identified as Bacillus megaterium based on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, G+C content, phylogenetic similarity of 16S rDNA, and fatty acid compositions. Two experiments were used to examine BSM degradation by strain L1. When BSM was used as a sole carbon source in a mineral salt medium, the average degradation rate of BSM by strain L1 was 12.8%, which suggested that the strain was able to utilize BSM as a sole carbon and energy source. In addition, supplement of yeast extract (200 mg L-1) significantly (P ≤ 0.01) accelerated the degradation of BSM by strain L1. Almost complete degradation (97.7%) of BSM could be achieved in 84 h with addition of yeast extract. In addition, when a sterile soil was supplemented with BSM (50 mg L-l), BSM degradation rate was 94.3% in 42 d, indicating the potential of using microbes for the remediation of BSM-contaminated soils in fields.     

Allometry, biomass, and chemical content of Novel African Tulip Tree (Spathodea campanulata) Forests in Puerto Rico

The African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata, the most common tree in Puerto Rico, forms novel forest types with mixtures of native and other introduced tree species. Novel forests increase in area in response to human activity and there is no information about their biomass accumulation and nutrient cycling. We established allometric relationships and chemically analyzed plant parts of African tulip trees to determine the concentration and standing stock of chemical elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Al, Fe, Na), and ash. Trees ranged in diameter at breast height from 8 to 85 cm and in height from 8.8 to 28 m. The concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca in leaves of the African tulip tree were similar to those of the native pioneer Cecropia schreberiana and higher than those of mature forest tree species in Puerto Rico. The over bark wood volume of African tulip trees in nine forest stands where it was dominant ranged from 163 to 849 m³/ha. Aboveground biomass ranged from 60 to 296 Mg/ha, and N and P stocks ranged from 190 to 988 and 32 to 137 kg/ha, respectively. Novel forests on abandoned agricultural lands can store more biomass and elements than native and plantation forest stands of similar age.     

Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits in vitro bovine embryo development through a prostaglandin mediated mechanism

Mastitis or other infectious diseases have been related to reduced fertility in cattle. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) are released in response to infection and may have negative effects on embryo development. In the current study the effect of exposure to TNFa on the development of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos was examined. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was used to determine if blockade of prostaglandin synthesis would alter the effects of TNFa. Ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and immature COC were isolated from 2-10 mm follicles, in vitro matured and fertilized. After fertilization, groups of presumptive zygotes were randomly placed into either control development medium, medium containing 25 ng/mL TNFa or medium containing 25 ng/mL TNFa plus 1 μg/mL indomethacin. The proportion of blastocysts formed was assessed at day 7 of culture. Fewer embryos exposed to TNFa alone reached the blastocyst stage (17.5 ± 2.4%, P < 0.01) compared with controls (30.5 ± 2.4%) or embryos developed in TNFa plus indomethacin (25.8 ± 2.8%). There was no difference between control embryos and embryos developed in TNFa plus indomethacin. These results indicate that TNFa is inhibitory to the in vitro development of bovine embryos and that this inhibition may be mediated by prostaglandins because it can be blocked by indomethacin.     

One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts

The conservation status of 845 zooxanthellate reef-building coral species was assessed by using International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Criteria. Of the 704 species that could be assigned conservation status, 32.8% are in categories with elevated risk of extinction. Declines in abundance are associated with bleaching and diseases driven by elevated sea surface temperatures, with extinction risk further exacerbated by local-scale anthropogenic disturbances. The proportion of corals threatened with extinction has increased dramatically in recent decades and exceeds that of most terrestrial groups. The Caribbean has the largest proportion of corals in high extinction risk categories, whereas the Coral Triangle (western Pacific) has the highest proportion of species in all categories of elevated extinction risk. Our results emphasize the widespread plight of coral reefs and the urgent need to enact conservation measures.