土鸡养殖成功率低的原因及对策

本文针对当前土鸡养殖成功率低的原因进行了深入分析探讨,并有针对性地提出相关的改进策略,以期促进土鸡养殖的发展,增加养殖户的经济收益。     

Comparison of diagnostics techniques in an outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis from meat chickens

Various diagnostics techniques were compared for their ability to detect infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) during an outbreak in chickens aged between 4 and 21 wk. Gross lesions ranged from excess mucus to accumulation of fibrinonecrotic exudate in the larynx and trachea. Syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in sinus, conjunctiva, larynx, trachea, lung, and air sac. Virus isolation in chicken embryos was attempted in every case. Negative-stain electron microscopy detected herpesvirus in only 6% of the cases. Yet, isolation of ILT virus in the chorioallantoic membrane was presumed by histology in >20% of the samples and confirmed by fluorescent antibody (FA) in 35% of the embryos inoculated with conjunctivas or tracheas from affected birds. Overall, results from histology and FA tests were highly correlated. FA test has the advantage over histology of being diagnostically specific for ILT virus. Polymerase chain reaction was the most sensitive test and detected the viral DNA even in cases where histology and FA were negative. ILT virus DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Re-Ti ILTV). Histologic and FA results from larynx and trachea were negative if the concentration of the viral DNA was < or =4 of log10. A viral DNA concentration higher than log10 4, as determined by Re-Ti ILTV, was required for clinical ILT to be manifested.     

Evolution of wheat architecture,physiology, and metabolism during domestication and further cultivation: Lessons for crop improvement

In recent decades, genetic advances in yield improvement in the major cereal crops, including wheat, has stagnated or proceeded at a slower rate than is required to meet future global food demand, particularly in the face of climate change. To reverse this situation, and in view of the future climate scenario, there is a need to increase the genetic diversity of wheat to increase its productivity, quality, stability, and adaptation to local agro-environments. The abundant genetic resources and l...     

不同水稻品种在布隆迪的适应性研究

[目的]探讨我国不同水稻品种在布隆迪不同生态点的种植表现,筛选适宜当地种植的水稻新品种,为我国水稻新品种、新技术在非洲的推广应用提供理论参考和技术指导.[方法]采用多点鉴定的方式,以布隆迪水稻品种V18为对照,对我国7个水稻品种的生育期、产量、产量构成要素及抗病性等进行评价与鉴定.同时,利用布隆迪水稻品种V18和TOX,以当地传统大田种植方式为对照,进行不同栽培模式研究.[结果]在生育期方面,与对照V18相比,IMBO试验基地桂育7号、特优63、特优649、特优7571、特优831和新香占的生育期较短,MOSO试验基地桂丰2号、桂育7号、特优63、特优649、特优7571和特优831的生育期较短,两地均表现为多数参试品种比对照V18趋向于早熟.在产量方面,IMBO试验基地桂丰2号、桂育7号、特优63、特优649、特优7571、特优831和新香占的产量分别较对照V18增产18.97%、24.14%、25.86%、50.00%、31.03%、29.31%和24.14%;MOSO试验基地桂丰2号、桂育7号、特优649、特优7571、特优831和新香占的产量分别较对照V18增产37.04%、29.63%、14.81%、33.33%、33.33%和33.33%.抗病性鉴定结果表明,特优63、特优649和特优7571的综合抗病性较强.栽培模式试验结果表明,以实际产量为选择依据,插秧行间距20 cm×15 cm是较适合TOX品种的种植方式,插秧行间距20 cm×20 cm是较适宜V18品种的种植模式.[结论]综合产量、品质和抗病性等因素,筛选出适宜布隆迪种植的水稻品种特优649和特优7571.此外,采用适宜的栽培方式可有效提高布隆迪水稻产量.     

Fluorescence, browning index, and color in infant formulas during storage

Free and total fluorescent compounds, browning index, and color formation were measured in milk-based powdered infant formulas (IF) during 2 years of storage at 20 and 37 degrees C. The excitation spectra from 415 nm emission show three peaks (ex lambda1 = 270 nm, lambda2 = 325/315 nm, lambda3 = 350 nm) and from 347 nm excitation two emission peaks (415 and 520 nm), and no wavelength shifts were observed. Temperature and time of storage exert in general no significant effect on the development of fluorescence emission intensity and browning index. However, an important increase in pentodilysine was recorded-probably because of the iron and ascorbic acid contents of the samples-as well as in browning index in adapted IF. In both IF a color increase (deltaE) throughout storage was observed, this increase being greater in samples stored at 37 degrees C than in those stored at 20 degrees C. The increase in color with time fitted a linear regression model. Color appeared to be an indicator of sufficient sensitivity to measure the effect of temperature or storage time.     

Construction of Genetic Linkage Map of Bread Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） Using an Intervarietal Cross and QTL Map for Spike Related Traits

Most often a genetic linkage map is prepared using populations obtained from two highly diverse genotypes. However, the markers from such a map may not be useful in a breeding program as these markers may not be polymorphic among the varieties used in breeding. For the past nine years, intraspecific maps have been gaining importance and such maps based on Swiss （PaiUard et al., 2003）, Japanese （Suenaga et al., 2005）, Australian （Chaimcrs et al., 2001） wheat varieties arc available. A map based on Indian wheat varieties however has not been reported. We constructed a genetic linkage map based on a cross between two Indian bread wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） varieties, Sonalika and Kalyansona. One hundred and fifty F2 individuals were analyzed for arbitrarilyprimed polymerase Chain reaction （AP-PCR）, random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）, inter simple sequence repeats （ISSR）, Sequence Tagged Microsatelhte Sites （STMS）, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） markers, seed storage proteins and known genes. A linkage map was constructed consisting of 236 markers and spanning a distance of 3 639 cM with 1 211.2 cM for A genome, 1 669.2 cM for B genome, 192.4 cM for D genome and 566.2 cM for unassigned groups,     

Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta)

Marigold flowers are the most important source of carotenoids for application in the food industry. However, the extraction gives almost 50% losses of the carotenoids depending on conditions for silaging, drying, and solvent extraction. In the past decades, macerating enzymes have been successfully applied to improve the extraction yield of valued compounds from natural products. In this work, an alternative extraction process for carotenoids is proposed, consisting of a simultaneous enzymatic treatment and solvent extraction. The proposed process employs milled fresh flowers directly as raw material, eliminating the inefficient silage and drying operations as well as the generation of hard to deal with aqueous effluents present in traditional processes. The process developed was tested at the 80 L scale, where under optimal conditions a carotenoid recovery yield of 97% was obtained.     

干旱胁迫下不同水稻品种相关生理生化特性比较

以2个常规杂交稻品种秋优桂99、秋优1025为对照,对2个耐旱杂交稻品种旱优3号、培杂桂旱1号进行盆栽试验,在孕穗期后停止水分供应,进行干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对不同水稻品种保护酶系、电导率的影响.试验结果表明,干旱胁迫下, 不同水稻品种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电导率随着干旱的发生、发展,均呈一致上升趋势,在后期更加明显;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,耐旱品种叶片中不同保护酶系均显著高于常规品种,而电导率却低于对照.说明耐旱水稻品种具有较强的酶促抗氧化能力和渗透调节能力,在干旱胁迫下较常规品种具有更强的适应能力.     

冬播麦区Glu-1和Glu-3位点变异及1B/1R易位与小麦加工品质性状的关系

 贮藏蛋白组成是决定小麦加工品质的重要因素。本文调查了我国冬播麦区251份主栽品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）和1B/1R易位的分布状况，研究了它们与加工品质性状的关系。结果表明，品质较差的HMW-GS N、7+9、2+12和LMW-GS Glu-A3a与Glu-B3j（1B/1R易位）在冬播麦区分布较广，频率分别为39.4%、45.0%、59.8%、37.1%和44.6%。HMW-GS和LMW-GS等位变异对籽粒蛋白质含量影响较小，对SDS沉降值、和面时间与耐揉性的加性和互作效应达1%的显著水平。按位点对加工品质性状的贡献大小，Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-B1>Glu-A3>Glu-A1；就单个亚基而言，Glu-A1位点，1>2*>N；Glu-B1位点，7+8>14+15>7+9；Glu-D1位点，5+10>4+12>2+12；Glu-A3位点，Glu-A3d>Glu-A3a>Glu-A3c>Glu-A3e，Glu-B3位点； Glu-B3d>Glu-B3b>Glu-B3f >Glu-B3j。1B/1R易位对SDS沉降值、和面时间和耐揉性等加工品质性状有显著负面效应。通过选择优质高低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和淘汰1B/1R易位系，将有助于提高我国小麦的面筋质量。