Effect of Manure Application on Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Crops in China: A Meta-Analysis

【Objective】 Combined chemical fertilizers with manure is one of the important approaches to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops. Nowadays, rare studies focused on systematic comparison and analysis of combine chemical fertilizers with manure on nitrogen use efficiency in different regions of China. In addition, NUE is affected by many factors, such as nitrogen application amount, soil properties and the climatic conditions and even most of them are in the specific regions. Therefore, this study was carried out to explore the effects of chemical fertilizers combined with manure on NUE, and quantify the response of NUE to manure application in different soils and climatic regions, so as to give the guidance on sustaining regional agricultural development and provide an important theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer application. 【Method】 This study was conducted based on a database of NUE including 412 sets on NPKM vs. NPK, which were collected from 110 published articles with wheat, maize and rice. We analyzed the differences of NUE between the treatment of NPK and NPKM in five regions in China by Meta-analysis, and quantified the contribution of main controlling factors on positive manure affects by Random Forest analysis. 【Result】 Compared with NPK, NPKM treatment increased the NUE by 3.6%. NPKM treatment significantly increased the NUE of crops in all regions except the Northeast China. The highest enhancement was found at Northwestern China, followed by Northern China, Southern Region and Eastern China. Soil organic matter, pH, available potassium and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting the “positive effect” of manure on NUE. The increment of NUE by manure application was higher in the soils with lower organic matter content than that in the soils with high organic matter content. The increase of NUE in alkaline soils with manure applied was 1.3 and 1.8 times higher than those on neutral and acidic soils, respectively. The improvement of NUE by manure application varied among climate regions: temperate continental climate zone>temperate monsoon climate zone>subtropical monsoon climate zone. 【Conclusion】 The application of manure could significantly increase the NUE of crops, especially in northwestern areas with low organic matter content and less rainfall.     

基于基因组序列分析的烟草轻绿花叶病毒江苏辣椒分离物侵染性克隆构建

【目的】烟草花叶病毒属（Tobamovirus）是危害辣椒、烟草等茄科作物的主要病毒之一,严重影响蔬菜作物的种植和生产。本研究旨在探明侵染江苏省南京市辣椒的烟草轻绿花叶病毒（tobacco mild green mosaic virus,TMGMV）分离物（TMGMV-JS）的基因组结构特征、系统进化关系及其致病性,为TMGMV的防控提供科学依据。【方法】从江苏省南京市采集的辣椒病样,提取总RNA,利用TMGMV特异检测引物确认阳性后,设计病毒特异性全长引物扩增TMGMV-JS全基因序列,通过同源重组的方法克隆至pCB301植物表达载体上,获得TMGMV-JS分离物基因组序列和全长cDNA侵染性克隆。BLAST分析TMGMV-JS分离物与已报道分离物的同源性,利用MEGA7软件的邻接法进行系统进化分析。将侵染性克隆通过农杆菌浸润本氏烟和辣椒,经RT-PCR和Western blot检测验证侵染效果,测定TMGMV-JS分离物的致病性。【结果】侵染江苏省南京市辣椒的TMGMV全长序列为6 356 nt,编码4个功能蛋白,分别为126K复制相关蛋白、183K复制酶、运动蛋白MP和外壳蛋白C...     

番茄褪绿病毒的进化动态与适应性进化特征

【目的】番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)是长线形病毒科(Closteroviridae)毛形病毒属(Crinivirus)成员,现已成为我国番茄和其他蔬菜作物上最为常见的病毒之一。研究旨在查明ToCV的进化历史,尤其是该病毒何时何地传入我国,并阐明其适应性进化机制。【方法】根据ToCV外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因两侧保守区设计1对特异性引物,对随机抽取的13个ToCV分离物进行扩增克隆,将测序获得的新序列与GenBank下载的含有采样时间和地理信息的序列合并得到103条ToCV CP基因序列,采用日期随机化检验(date-randomization test,DRT)检测数据集中的时间信号,并应用贝叶斯谱系动力学框架重建该病毒的进化动态。同时,应用系统发育与性状关联分析(phylogeny-trait association analysis)评估地理因素对ToCV适应性进化的影响。【结果】13个ToCV分离物均成功扩增出预期大小(约800 bp)的特异性片段,核苷酸序列与已报道的ToCV不同分离物CP基因序列一致性均在98%以上...     

Potential N mineralization and availability to maize in black soils in response to soil fertility improvement in Northeast China

Purpose

Understanding the soil nitrogen (N) mineralization potential (N₀) and crop N availability during the growing season is essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and preventing over-fertilization, which lead to negative environmental impacts.

Methods

Five black soils with different levels of fertility were selected in Northeast China. The N₀ and kinetics of these soils were estimated through laboratory experiments at different incubation temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C). N mineralization dynamics were simulated using field soil temperature according to the incubation results. Moreover, the N uptake dynamics of maize were simulated according to the literature.

Results

Compared with the very low-fertility soils, the cumulative mineralized nitrogen increased under all incubation temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C), by 48–136%, 8–61%, and 24–59%, respectively, in the medium- and high-fertility soils. The highest N₀ values (96.90, 115.31, and 121.33 mg/kg at the three different temperatures) were recorded in the very high-fertility soils. The soil N mineralization dynamics and N uptake of maize in the growing season were highly consistent over time, although the soil N supply could not meet the maize growth requirements. The higher the soil fertility, the lower the N fertilizer requirement.

Conclusions

Different fertilizer strategies were developed based on the cumulative mineralized N, N uptake by maize, and NUE in soils with different fertility levels. We suggested a reduction of 50–65 kg N/ha in N fertilizer in the two highest fertility soils. This study provided basic data to reduce chemical N fertilizer to improve NUE and reduce negative environmental impacts.

     

Effects of fencing on vegetation and soil restoration in a degraded alkaline grassland in northeast China

In order to restore a degraded alkaline grassland, the local government implemented a large restoration project using fences in Changling county, Jilin province, China, in 2000. Grazing was excluded from the protected area, whereas the grazed area was continuously grazed at 8.5 dry sheep equivalent（DSE）/hm2. In the current research, soil and plant samples were taken from grazed and fenced areas to examine changes in vegetation and soil properties in 2005, 2006 and 2008. Results showed that vegetation characteristics and soil properties improved significantly in the fenced area compared with the grazed area. In the protected area the vegetation cover, height and above- and belowground biomass increased significantly. Soil pH, electrical conductivity and bulk density decreased significantly, but soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentration increased greatly in the protected area. By comparing the vegetation and soil characteristics with pre-degraded grassland, we found that vegetation can recover 6 years after fencing, and soil pH can be restored 8 years after fencing. However, the restoration of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations needed 16, 30 and 19 years, respectively. It is recommended that the stocking rate should be reduced to 1/3 of the current carrying capacity, or that a grazing regime of 1-year of grazing followed by a 2-year rest is adopted to sustain the current status of vegetation and soil resources. However, if N fertilizer is applied, the rest period could be shortened, depending on the rate of application.     

典型区域秸秆和有机肥混土填埋后的腐解特征

【目的】秸秆和有机肥是我国农田主要有机物料来源,翻压旋耕是其主要的还田方式,明确其在我国典型农田土壤中的腐解过程特征和驱动因素,可为更好利用秸秆资源与合理施用有机肥提供科学依据。【方法】在我国典型黑土、潮土和红壤上开展大田有机物料混土填埋试验。设置4种处理：小麦秸秆混土(WS+soil)、玉米秸秆混土(MS+soil)、猪粪混土(PM+soil)和牛粪混土(CM+soil),按土重﹕物料碳=100﹕4.5,称取物料土壤混合物200 g装于尼龙袋填埋于土壤中,填埋后1年内采样6次,之后2—2.5年采样一次,满3年采样一次,共8次采样。分析各混土有机物料的腐解差异,采用双指数方程明确易分解有机碳库和难分解有机碳库比例和腐解速率,阐明各土壤中有机物料的快速腐解速率、慢速腐解速率及积温转折点,并用随机森林模型来量化物料组成和环境因素分别对腐解速率的相对贡献。【结果】秸秆混土的腐殖化系数为22%—43%,有机肥混土的为45%—58%。有机肥混土腐解较秸秆慢,区域间差异不大,从北往南有机物料腐解加快,且秸秆腐解较有机肥快。秸秆的易分解有机碳库比例(70%—87%)高于有机肥的易分解有机碳库比例(5...     

江苏省农业机械化需求及发展对策

1江苏省农机化需求状况的调查与分析 　　为了较全面客观地预测江苏省未来一定时期内农业机械化发展趋势,从宏观上把握农业机械化发展的方向,我们在全省范围内对江苏今后5-10年内重点发展的农业机械化技术进行了问卷调查,并结合实地调研的情况分析探讨江苏农机化发展的重点和应采取的政策措施.     

免疫程序与母源抗体对H5禽流感疫苗免疫鸭和鹅HI抗体水平的影响

对不同日龄与母源抗体水平的鸭和鹅，用H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫后，其HI抗体消长情况进行了比较和观察，结果，初生水禽3日龄首免即可对禽流感疫苗（H5亚型）产生良好的免疫应答；雏鹅母源抗体几乎以每4d下降1个HI抗体效价单位的速度消退；母源抗体对H5禽流感疫苗免疫后的HI抗体水平存在一定的干扰作用；加强免疫鸭和鹅所产生的H5 HI抗体水平及其维持时间与仅免疫一次的鸭和鹅所产生的抗体水平之间存在显著差异；鸭和鹅免疫H5禽流感疫苗后第25～30d H5 HI抗体水平达到高峰。     

不同肥力潮土的酶活计量比特征及其与微生物量的关系

【目的】研究不同肥力土壤上胞外酶活性,阐明胞外酶活性计量比特征及其影响因素,为阐明土壤生物肥力差异的机制与土壤培肥提供理论依据。【方法】选取了高、中、低肥力的潮土,分析其微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)含量以及β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷酶(β-1, 4-glucosidase,BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(Cellobiohydrolase,CBH)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(leucine aminopeptidase,LAP)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AP)活性。采用生态化学计量学方法分析该5种酶活性在不同肥力土壤间的差异,以及酶活与土壤微生物量间的定量关系。【结果】高肥力土壤SMBC是中肥力土壤的2.6倍,低肥力土壤的5.8倍;高肥力土壤SMBN为中肥力土壤的3.1倍,低肥力土壤的5.5倍。SMBC/SMBN在不同肥力土壤间无显著差异。土壤碳氮磷转化酶活性和综合酶指数均表现为高肥力土壤>中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤,且土壤胞外酶活性与微生物量碳氮表现为直线...     

施用有机肥对我国作物氮肥利用率影响的整合分析

【目的】化肥配施有机肥是提高作物氮肥利用率（NUE）的重要措施之一。但由于作物的氮肥利用率受到施氮量、土壤性质和气候条件等因素的影响,且多数研究只在某一特定区域或条件下进行,对于全国不同区域施用有机肥对氮肥利用率影响的研究缺乏系统分析和比较。因此,探明化肥配施有机肥对氮肥利用率的影响,量化不同土壤和气候条件下氮肥利用率对有机肥施用的响应,可指导区域性的有机肥施用,为化肥减施增效提供重要的理论依据。【方法】本研究收集了公开发表的文献110篇,建立了412组包含化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）和单施化肥（NPK）处理的氮肥利用率的数据库。采用整合分析（Meta-analysis）和随机森林（Random Forest）方法分析了全国不同区域的氮肥利用率在NPK和NPKM处理下的差异,定量化了施氮量、土壤性质和气候条件等因素对有机肥正效应的贡献率。【结果】全国来说,相比NPK,NPKM处理下氮肥利用率提高了3.6个百分点。除东北地区外,在其他地区NPKM均显著提高了氮肥利用率,提高幅度依次为西北>华北>南方>华东。土壤性状中影响有机肥“增效”作用的主要因素是有机质、pH、速效钾和全氮含量,其中土壤有机质含量越低,配施有机肥后氮肥利用率的提高幅度越大;在碱性土壤上配施有机肥对氮肥利用率的提高幅度分别是中性土壤和酸性土壤的1.3和1.8倍。另外,不同气候类型下配施有机肥对氮肥利用率的提高幅度存在差异,表现为温带大陆性气候区>温带季风性气候区>亚热带季风性气候区。【结论】施用有机肥可显著提高作物的氮肥利用率,且在有机质含量较低、降雨量较少的西北地区配施有机肥后氮肥利用率的提高幅度最大。