坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

Soil microbial activity and nutrients of evergreen broad-leaf forests in mid-subtropical region of China

To better understand the effects of forest suc-cession on soil microbial activity, a comparison of soil microbial properties and nutrients was conducted between three forest types representing a natura...     

Responses of labile soil organic carbon and enzyme activity in mineral soils to forest conversion in the subtropics

Aims

Globally, extensive areas of native forest have been almost replaced by plantations to meet the demands for timber, fuel material and other forest products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forest conversion on labile soil organic C (SOC), soil respiration, and enzyme activity, and to quantify their relationship in subtropical forest ecosystems.

Methods

Surface mineral soil (0–20 cm) was collected from a Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook. plantation, Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantation, Michelia macclurei Dandy plantation, and an undisturbed native broadleaf forest. Soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C, permanganate-oxidizable C, basal respiration, and six enzyme activities were investigated.

Results

Soil microbial biomass C was higher by 45.9 % in native broadleaf forest than that in M. macclurei Dandy plantation. The ratio of soil microbial biomass C to total SOC was 27.6 % higher in the M. macclurei Dandy plantation than in the native broadleaf forest. The soil respiration increased by 25.2 % and 21.7 % after conversion from native broadleaf forest to P. massoniana Lamb. and M. macclurei Dandy plantations respectively. The effects of forest conversion on the soil enzyme activities differed among the tree species. Soil microbial biomass C had higher correlation with soil respiration than with the other SOC fractions. Moreover, soil microbial biomass C was positively correlated with urease and negatively correlated with cellulase activity. Soil respiration had higher correlation with soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C and permanganate-oxidizable C.

Conclusion

Forest conversion affected the soil microbial biomass C, soil respiration, invertase, cellulase, urease, catalase, acid phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, but their response depended on tree species. Soil respiration was mainly controlled by labile SOC, not by total SOC.     

依据物联网的树干径流自动监测系统

针对森林水分监测中树干径流数据收集单一、不准确、严重依赖人力操作等问题,研究设计基于物联网的树干径流自动监测系统。系统由翻斗式传感器、数据采集和处理模块、无线通信模块、服务器、客户端等组成。嵌入式系统接受和储存翻斗式脉冲信号次数,利用4G无线网络将数据上传到服务器,通过上位机对原始数据进行处理,最终达到在手机或者电脑上直观读取数据。测试表明该系统长期在野外运行稳定、数据收集准确,节约了大量人力成本和时间。     

毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳平衡估算

采用CID-301PS光合测定仪,对湖南会同林区毛竹和杉木人工林土壤CO2排放动态进行观测,并结合现存生物量调查,对其生态系统碳平衡特征进行估算.结果表明:毛竹和杉木林生态系统碳贮量分别为144.3和152.52 t·hm-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致,土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,凋落物层和林下植被层所占比例最小.毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占76.89%,乔木层占22.16%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占0.51%和0.41%;杉木林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占2.28%和0.70%.毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年固定CO2总量分别为38.87和26.95 t·hm-2a-1,但其每年以土壤异养呼吸和凋落物呼吸的形式排放CO2的量分别为24.35和15.75 t·hm-2a-1,毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年净固定CO2的量分别为14.52和11.21 t·hm-2a-1,折合成净碳量分别为3.96和3.07 t·hm-2a-1.     

Short-term response of soil respiration to simulated acid rain in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Acid rain is a primary environmental problem in Southern China. However, the effect of acid rain on soil respiration rarely received attention, especially in...     

水分调亏对冬小麦生理生态的影响

通过冬小麦盆栽试验，在不同时期给以不同的调亏灌溉处理，以研究不同生长时期水分亏缺和亏缺程度对冬小麦生理及生长特性的影响，为农田节水提供指导。冬小麦生长发育过程划分为4个阶段：返青—拔节初期，拔节—孕穗，孕穗—抽穗，开花—灌浆成熟。每个生育时期设置4个水分水平，结果表明：土壤水分调控对株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等指标均有影响；水分胁迫使作物光合速率的峰值提前出现，这有助于胁迫处理的作物利用有限的土壤水分；蒸腾速率比光合速率对水分胁迫的反应更为敏感，更易受气孔调节的影响。     

水稻直播机气流式施肥监测系统设计与试验

针对水稻直播机施肥装置施肥过程中易堵塞及无法及时报警的问题,结合南方水稻直播施肥的农艺要求,该研究设计了一种水稻直播机气流式施肥监测系统,可以在施肥装置出现管道堵塞后进行报警提示。首先,对气流式施肥监测系统的整体结构进行设计。然后,对关键部件气流分流管道建立仿真模型,采用Fluent和Rocky软件进行气固耦合仿真试验,以肥料颗粒的动能变化量为指标,对气流分流管道的防堵性能进行试验,仿真试验结果表明,当气流分流管道进气口施加800 Pa气流时,肥料颗粒的动能提高了17.4%。最后,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验设计方法进行台架静态试验,以堵塞报警准确率为评价指标,得出较优工作参数为气流分流管道内径28 mm,进气口气压值700 Pa,施肥速率20 g/s;以较优参数进行田间试验,结果表明,堵塞报警准确率均大于90.0%,最高达96.7%;装置工作稳定性好,未出现装置失灵情况,可满足水稻施肥装置堵塞监测准确率要求,该研究可为水稻施肥堵塞报警监测提供参考。     

鹰嘴界常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤微生物的生物量与活性

【目的】研究常绿阔叶林恢复演替过程对土壤微生物量碳、氮及微生物活性的影响。【方法】从湖南鹰嘴界代表常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段的马尾松林(PF)、针阔混交林(MF)、常绿阔叶林(BF)样地上、中、下坡挖取土壤剖面,按0~10和10~20cm分层采集土壤样品,测定土壤微生物生物量碳(Cmic)、氮(Nmic)及土壤基础呼吸、土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN),以分析常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段的土壤微生物量碳、氮及微生物活性。【结果】随着常绿阔叶林演替递进,0~10cm土层土壤SOC由20.29g/kg增至41.96g/kg,TN由1.18g/kg增至2.33g/kg,Cmic由448.62mg/kg增至1 021.95mg/kg,Nmic由35.21mg/kg增至109.62mg/kg,土壤基础呼吸由1.12mg/(kg·h)增加到1.36mg/(kg·h),代谢熵(qCO2)由2.51mg/(g·h)降低到1.33mg/(g·h)。由相关分析可知,Cmic、Nmic均与SOC和TN显著正相关;微生物熵(Cmic/SOC)在PF中最低,MF中次之,BF中最高,且与SOC、TN存在显著的负相关性,与Cmic、土壤微生物量碳氮比存在显著正相关;土壤基础呼吸与SOC、TN和Cmic存在显著的正相关性;代谢熵与SOC、Cmic、Nmic有极显著负相关关系。【结论】研究区内植被演替可使土壤微生物生物量增加、土壤肥力改善。凋落物输入质量的改善、土壤肥力的提高,是中亚热带常绿阔叶林微生物量碳、氮和微生物熵随演替进程逐渐增大的主要原因。通过封山育林、择伐等经营措施,可以促进针叶林向常绿阔叶林递进和森林土壤肥力恢复。     

Assessing the effects of vegetation types on carbon storage fifteen years after reforestation on a Chinese fir site

Forest ecosystems play a significant role in sequestering carbon (C) in biomass and soils. Plantations established in subtropical China since the 1980s, mainly of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) in monocultures, have proved to be major C sinks. However, information is lacking about whether mixing Chinese fir with broadleaved tree species will increase stand growth and C sequestration. We address this question by comparing a pure Chinese fir plantation and two mixed plantations established in 1990 at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Hunan Province, China. The mixed plantations include Chinese fir and either Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz or Alnus cremastogyne Burk., planted at 4:1 ratios. We found that total C storage was 123, 131 and 142 Mg ha⁻¹ in the pure plantation, mixed plantation with K. septemlobus, and mixed plantation with A. cremastogyne, respectively. The mixed plantation with A. cremastogyne increased C storage in biomass relative to the pure Chinese fir plantation (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between mixed plantations. Soil C storage did not differ among these plantations, ranging from 67.9 ± 7.1 to 73.3 ± 9.1 Mg ha⁻¹, which accounted for about 55% of the total C pools. Our results indicated that as the mixture of Chinese fir and broadleaved species will increase both biomass C and soil C storage over pure Chinese fir, and will do it, within 15 years of planting.