Repair of Bovine and Equine Mandibular Fractures

Clinical findings, surgical repair and postsurgical care of a unilateral fracture of the mandible of a bull and of a bilateral mandibular fracture in a horse are described. Compression plating limited the pain suffered by the animals and resulted in a quick return to function of the mandibles.     

Field trials to assess the value of a bivalent killed salmonella vaccine in the control of ovine salmonellosis

Extract

The recent interest in the control of salmonella infection in farm livestock by vaccination has been concerned principally with the disease in calves, pigs and poultry and with the use of living attenuated vaccines rather than vaccines using killed organisms. Ovine salmonellosis, perhaps because of its limited importance in countries other than New Zealand and Australia and the sporadic nature of outbreaks, has not figured prominently in the scientific literature.     

Thin layer chromatographic screening method for sulfadiazine residues in calf tissues, plasma, and urine

Because of the lack of specificity of the Bratton-Marshall procedure for assaying sulfonamides, a sensitive, specific tissue residue assay for sulfadiazine (SDZ) was developed. The methodology has been extended to provide a highly sensitive screen for sulfonamide residues, which employs 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography in conjunction with fluorescamine derivatization. The procedure described, which has been developed for SDZ in calf tissues, involves direct ethyl acetate extraction of tissue homogenates. Following evaporation of the organic phase, a portion of the residue is spotted on a 20 X 20 cm silica gel 60 plate, which is then developed in 2 dimensions with solvent systems devised to separate SDZ from endogenous substances as well as from 12 other sulfonamides that might be present in calf tissues. The presence of SDZ at a concentration of 0.1 ppm or its absence is easily demonstrated in calf kidney, liver, muscle, plasma, and urine. The basic method can be modified for a particular sulfonamide in a target tissue and can be used as a quantitative assay for sulfonamide residues.     

Isolation and identification of mosquito (Aedes aegypti ) biting deterrent fatty acids from male inflorescences of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg)

Dried male inflorescences of breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis , Moraceae) are burned in communities throughout Oceania to repel flying insects, including mosquitoes. This study was conducted to identify chemicals responsible for mosquito deterrence. Various crude extracts were evaluated, and the most active, the hydrodistillate, was used for bioassay-guided fractionation. The hydrodistillate and all fractions displayed significant deterrent activity. Exploratory GC-MS analysis revealed more than 100 distinctive peaks, and more than 30 compounds were putatively identified, including a mixture of terpenes, aldehydes, fatty acids, and aromatics. A systematic bioassay-directed study using adult Aedes aegypti females identified capric, undecanoic, and lauric acid as primary deterrent constituents. A synthetic mixture of fatty acids present in the most active fraction and individual fatty acids were all significantly more active than N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). These results provide support for this traditional practice and indicate the potential of male breadfruit flowers and fatty acids as mosquito repellents.     

Phytochemical diversity of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) cultivars by anthocyanin determination and metabolomic profiling with chemometric analysis

Originally native to the eastern United States, American cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, family Ericaceae) cultivation of native and hybrid varieties has spread across North America. Herein is reported the phytochemical diversity of five cranberry cultivars (Stevens, Ben Lear, Bergman, Pilgrim, and GH1) collected in the Greater Vancouver Regional District, by anthocyanin content and UPLC-TOF-MS metabolomic profiling. The anthocyanin content for biological replicates (n = 5) was determined as 7.98 ± 5.83, Ben Lear; 7.02 ± 1.75, Bergman; 6.05 ± 2.51, GH1; 3.28 ± 1.88, Pilgrim; and 2.81 ± 0.81, Stevens. Using subtractive metabonomic algorithms 6481 compounds were found conserved across all varietals, with 136 (Ben Lear), 84 (Bergman), 91 (GH1), 128 (Pilgrim), and 165 (Stevens) unique compounds observed. Principal component analysis (PCA) did not differentiate varieties, whereas partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) exhibited clustering patterns. Univariate statistical approaches were applied to the data set, establishing significance of values and assessing quality of the models. Metabolomic profiling with chemometric analysis proved to be useful for characterizing metabonomic changes across cranberry varieties.     

Caffeic acid derivatives production by hairy root cultures of Echinacea purpurea

Inoculation of leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea (Moench) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots with the capacity to produce biologically active caffeic acid derivatives (CADs), especially cichoric acid. The kinetics of growth, the uptake of macronutrients, and the accumulation of CADs were investigated in heterotrophically cultured hairy roots for a 50 day period. A maximum of 12.2 g L(-1) dry biomass was achieved in MS nutrients supplemented with 30 g L(-1) sucrose on day 40. The mathematical relationship between hairy root growth and conductivity was established during the exponential phase in Erlenmeyer flasks. HPLC analyses of methanolic (0.1% phosphoric acid; 70:30, v/v) extracts from hairy roots revealed the presence of important CADs: cichoric acid (19.21 mg g(-1) dry biomass), caftaric acid (3.56 mg g(-1) dry biomass), and chlorogenic acid (0.93 mg g(-1) dry biomass). These results demonstrate that biotechnological production of CADs in hairy roots of E. purpurea is possible. Furthermore, these hairy root cultures offer, for the very first time, an excellent biological model to study the biosynthetic pathway of medicinally important CADs.     

TDZ诱导的黄芩 (Scatellaria baicalensis Georgi)外植体枝再生研究(英文)

研究了中药黄芩 (ScatellariabaicalensisGeorgi)的微繁技术。TDZ[N phenyl-N’ (1,2 ,3 thidiazol 5 ylurea) ]用于组培中能有效地诱导黄芩完整实生苗、白化下胚轴段和茎段再生新枝。下胚轴段和茎段外植体的组织学研究显示其再生是通过愈伤组织形成新枝。TDZ诱导黄芩 3种组培外植体枝再生的比较表明 ,理想的再生不一定要外植体脱离母体。黄芩完整实生苗的下胚轴上形成的枝明显多于下胚轴段上形成的枝 ,表明完整实生苗中产生的代谢产物提供枝再生所需的物质。 95 %以上的再生体形成根系 ,在无菌培养和温室中可形成完整植株。本研究所采用的再生程序可以用于这种药用植物的改良和大量繁殖