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1.
The influence of rain and drought before, and air temperature during, weed control with hot water was studied in laboratory experiments on the test weed Sinapis alba (white mustard). The plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated outdoors. There was no difference in weed control effect when S. alba plants at the four‐leaf stage were treated at the air temperatures 7°C and 18°C. The effective energy dose for a 90% fresh weight reduction was 465 kJ m?2 for both air temperatures. Weed control of S. alba at the four‐ to six‐leaf stage in rainfall above the rainwater run‐off level increased the required effective energy dose by 20% (i.e. 120 kJ m?2) compared with dry plants. A short period of drought just before treatment on S. alba at the two‐ to four‐leaf stage increased the plant fresh weight reduction, which was 22% at low energy dose (190 kJ m?2) and 44% at high energy dose (360 kJ m?2). Hot water weed control should thus be carried out when the plants are drought stressed and avoided when the plants are wet. The air temperature seems to be of little importance in the range 7–18°C. 相似文献
2.
Margareta Hökeberg Berndt Gerhardson Lennart Johnsson 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(1):25-33
About 400 bacterial strains, isolated from roots of wild and cultivated plants, were screened for effects against diseases caused by Drechslera teres and/or Microdochium nivale in greenhouse tests and against common bunt caused by Tilletia caries in field tests. Four of the strains showed good biocontrol activity <70% disease reduction) against D. teres and T. caries both in screenings and field tests. One Pseudomonas isolate, MA 342, strongly and reliably suppressed both D. teres and T. caries in the field, while effects against M. nivale were weaker. The effects could not be enhanced by varying pre-application or seed application procedures. This isolate could be stored as a suspension in a refrigerator, frozen or applied to seeds for at least one month without loosing its disease controlling ability. 相似文献
3.
4.
The influence of harvest date and storage method on bruises sensitivity of apples was investigated. The cultivars ‘Braeburn’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were harvested at three times in an interval of 10 days. Fruits have been stored at 2°C in normal atmosphere (cold storage) or in film bags (CA-/ULO-storage; CA?=?Controlled Atmosphere, ULO?=?Ultra Low Oxygen) for three months. Monthly fruits were bruised by a penetrometer applying a range of pressures. One day later the appearance of bruises were evaluated. Increasing pressures resulted in bruises of increasing severity. Early harvest led to less severe bruises. No differences were observed in storage conditions, but duration of storage increased bruise sensitivity of ‘Braeburn’. In comparison of the three cultivars ‘Braeburn’ was less sensitive than ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. 相似文献
5.
Fibril angle variability in earlywood of Norway spruce using soft rot cavities and polarization confocal microscopy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Anna Bergander Jonas Br?ndstr?m Geoffrey Daniel Lennart Sahnen 《Journal of Wood Science》2002,48(4):255-263
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of the fibril angle of tracheids in earlywood of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). Polarization confocal microscopy was chosen and compared with the method utilizing the orientation of soft rot cavities. There was a significant correlation between the soft rot and polarization confocal microscopy methods, which showed the same trend of high fibril angles in the first part of the earlywood followed by a decrease toward the end of earlywood. This declining trend was less pronounced in annual rings containing compression wood. Moreover, large variations in fibril angle occurred between neighboring tracheids. The investigation also emphasized the differences between X-ray diffraction and microscopic methods, as the large variation seen by the latter methods is not seen by the X-ray diffraction approach because of its large area of measurement. No correlation was found between fiber morphology (i.e., average length, width, density) and the average fibril angle in the investigated annual rings. 相似文献
6.
The fibrillar orientation in the S2-layer of wood fibres as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis
Summary It is the fibrillar orientation in the S2-layer which to a great extent determines the mechanical properties of the wood fibre, with regard both to strength and stiffness and to swelling properties. Measurements of the average fibril angle of fibres are not however easy and the results differ between the methods used. In order to evaluate in more detail how the fibril angle varies in spruce wood, an X-ray method based on diffraction from the 040-plane was developed. By comparison with microscopic examination it is concluded that reliable results relating to the fibrillar orientation in the S2-layer are obtained with the X-ray technique. It is shown that the fibril angle of mature wood is rather constant with regard to both age of the annual ring and its position in the height of the tree. The fibril angle of the earlywood is found to be only slightly higher than that of latewood fibres. It is also shown that compression wood may be easily identified by virtue of the fact that its fibril angle is much higher than that of normal mature wood.The authors thank Ms Ulla Jonsson for the microscopic measurements and Dr Anthony Bristow for the linguistic revision 相似文献
7.
Lennart Noordermeer Terje Gobakken Erik Næsset Ole Martin Bollandsås 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2021,36(1):55-67
ABSTRACT Forest productivity is a crucial variable in forest planning, usually expressed as site index (SI). In Nordic commercial forest inventories, SI is commonly estimated by a combination of aerial image interpretation, field assessment and information obtained from previous inventories. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) and digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) data can alternatively be used for SI estimation, however the economic utilities of the inventory methods have not been compared. We compared seven methods of SI estimation in a cost-plus-loss analysis, by which we added the expected economic losses due to sub-optimal treatment decisions to the inventory costs. The methods comprised direct and indirect estimation from combinations of ALS, DAP and stand register data, and manual interpretation from aerial imagery supported by field assessment and information from previous inventories (conventional practices). The choice of method had great impact on both the accuracy and the economic value of the produced estimates. Direct methods using bitemporal ALS and DAP data gave the best accuracy and the smallest total cost. DAP was a suitable and low-cost data source for SI estimation. Estimation from single-date ALS and DAP data and age obtained from the stand register provided practical alternatives when applied to even-aged stands. 相似文献
8.
Predicting field performance using seedling quality assessment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Seedling quality is defined as fitness for purpose. Attributes for assessing seedling quality are grouped in material attributes that can be rapidly assessed by any number of direct or indirect methods, and performance attributes that are assessed by subjecting whole seedlings to certain environmental regimes and evaluating their growth response. Material attributes comprising morphology, bud dormancy, water relations and nutrition and performance attributes comprising frost hardiness, vigour and root growth potential are discussed with regard to relevance for predicting field performance. Measurement techniques and relevance in assessing seedling quality are presented for different physiological attributes: electrolyte leakage, enzymatic activity, water potential, water conductance, mineral nutrition, food reserves, mitotic index, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, plant growth regulators, stress-induced volatile emission, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Methods with future potential in improving the prediction of field performance are identified and discussed. The methods presented in this respect are chlorophyll fluorescence, infrared thermography, machine vision systems, integrated approaches and ecophysiological evaluations. 相似文献
9.
Jonas Malmsten Lennart S?derquist Carl-Gustaf Thulin Dolores Gavier Widén Lisa Yon Michael R Hutchings Anne-Marie Dalin 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1):23
Background
The moose (Alces alces) is an intensively managed keystone species in Fennoscandia. Several aspects of reproduction in moose have not been fully elucidated, including puberty, timing of mating and oestrus, and the length of the oestrus period. These aspects are relevant for an adaptive management of moose with respect to harvest, population size, demography and environmental conditions. Therefore, an investigation of female moose reproduction was conducted during the moose-hunting period in southern Sweden from 2008 to 2011.Results
A total of 250 reproductive organs and information on carcass weight and age was collected from four different hunting areas (provinces of Öland, Småland, Södermanland, and Västergötland) in southern Sweden. The results showed that puberty in female moose varied with carcass weight, age, and time of season. The period for oestrous/mating lasted from about mid September to the beginning of November.Conclusions
The oestrus period (predominantly for heifers) is longer than previously reported and was not finished when the hunting period started. Sampling the uterine cervix to detect spermatozoa was a useful method to determine if mating had occurred. To avoid hunting of moose during oestrus, we suggest that the hunting period should be postponed by at least 14 days in southern Sweden. 相似文献10.
Ragnhild J Bager Egle Kudirkiene Isabelle da Piedade Torsten Seemann Tine K Nielsen Susanne E Pors Andreas H Mattsson John D Boyce Ben Adler Anders M Bojesen 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)
The Gram-negative bacterium Gallibacterium anatis is a major cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in commercial egg-layers, leading to reduced egg production and increased mortality. Unfortunately, widespread multidrug resistance and antigenic diversity makes it difficult to control infections and novel prevention strategies are urgently needed. In this study, a pan-genomic reverse vaccinology (RV) approach was used to identify potential vaccine candidates. Firstly, the genomes of 10 selected Gallibacterium strains were analyzed and proteins selected on the following criteria; predicted surface-exposure or secretion, none or one transmembrane helix (TMH), and presence in six or more of the 10 genomes. In total, 42 proteins were selected. The genes encoding 27 of these proteins were successfully cloned in Escherichia coli and the proteins expressed and purified. To reduce the number of vaccine candidates for in vivo testing, each of the purified recombinant proteins was screened by ELISA for their ability to elicit a significant serological response with serum from chickens that had been infected with G. anatis. Additionally, an in silico prediction of the protective potential was carried out based on a protein property prediction method. Of the 27 proteins, two novel putative immunogens were identified; Gab_1309 and Gab_2312. Moreover, three previously characterized virulence factors; GtxA, FlfA and Gab_2156, were identified. Thus, by combining the pan-genomic RV approach with subsequent in vitro and in silico screening, we have narrowed down the pan-proteome of G. anatis to five vaccine candidates. Importantly, preliminary immunization trials indicated an in vivo protective potential of GtxA-N, FlfA and Gab_1309.