醋糟菌糠对3种作物土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为研究醋糟菌糠作为一种生物肥料对土壤肥力的影响,为解决食用菌菌糠对环境污染及其有效利用提供科学依据,本文通过田间试验,对玉米、高粱、糯玉米3种作物基施醋糟菌糠后不同生育期的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,及微生物量碳、氮含量进行测试。研究结果表明:1)醋糟菌糠显著提高了作物根际土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。在作物整个生育期,加入醋糟菌糠的土壤细菌数量比对照提高32%~54%;放线菌数量在成熟期提高明显,玉米田土壤放线菌数量增幅最大,为101%;真菌数量变化总体趋势呈现先升高后下降的趋势。2)醋糟菌糠的施入增加了作物根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性。种植高粱、玉米和糯玉米土壤的脲酶活性增长率分别为239%、189%和185%;3种作物的土壤过氧化氢酶活性在抽穗期最高,最大增长率为40%;3种作物的土壤蔗糖酶活性在不同生育期变化趋势不同,玉米各生育期土壤蔗糖酶活性变化较为稳定,其增长率分别为38%、28%、48%。3)醋糟菌糠的施入增加了作物根际土壤微生物碳氮的含量,不同生育期3种作物的土壤微生物碳含量增幅为58.10~407.67 mg·kg-1,微生物氮含量增幅为11.98~27.55 mg·kg-1。由此可见,醋糟菌糠的施用可以增强土壤生产力的可持续性,从而达到保护和改善土壤环境的效果。同时该研究也为醋糟菌糠的有效利用提供了一定的科学依据。     

Influence of water-dispersible colloids from organic manure on the mechanism of metal transport in historically contaminated soils: coupling colloid fractionation with high-energy synchrotron analysis

Purpose

Colloid-facilitated transport of metals is widely observed while manure is used for the improvement of contaminated soil. Details on the mechanism of colloid-associated metal transport are still lacking. This work investigated the nature of water-dispersible colloids (WDC) from different organic manures, differentiated the significance of clay and organic colloids in the metal transport, and finally provided direct and quantitative evidence for the importance of WDC in the colloid-facilitated transport of metals.

Materials and methods

Column experiments were conducted to assess the overall significance of WDC from effective microbial inoculated manure (EM) and leaf mulch (LM) for metal transport in alkali-contaminated soil. The properties of organic colloids such as hydrophilicity, aromaticity, and functional characteristics were analyzed by DAX-8 resin column, specific UV absorbance, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Colloid identification and metal species determination were conducted using a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.

Results and discussion

Approximately 100 % of Pb, 69 % of Zn, and 38 % of Cu in the colloidal particles came from soil clay in the presence of EM colloids, while more than 80 % of Pb, Zn, and Cu in the LM colloids. Combined with the quantities of colloidal metals, it revealed that clay release was inhibited in the former and enhanced in the latter. The quantities of Cu and Zn associated with the EM colloids were much higher than that with the LM colloids. The contrary result was observed for Pb. LM colloids increased the quantities of organically associated Pb significantly.

Conclusions

Clay-associated metal transfer was influenced by the nature of WDC. Microbial manure colloids inhibited the clay-associated transfer of metals in the soils probably due to the presence of polysaccharide and microbially derived extracellular proteins. Leaf mulch colloids, with more hydrophobicity and aromaticity, enhanced the clay-facilitated transfer of metals in the soils.

     

不同肥料不同作物对Cd污染土壤中酶活性及Cd含量的影响

以玉米、蓖麻、向日葵为供试材料,采用盆栽试验探讨在1 mg· kg1Cd胁迫下,不同施肥条件下3种作物对土壤4种酶活性及重金属Cd含量的影响.结果表明,3种作物中,玉米对Cd污染土壤修复效果最好.施用菌肥和腐植酸均可减少土壤中的Cd含量,和CK比较,Cd含量降低了1.16％～10.33％.施用肥料后,土壤中脲酶活性较CK土壤提高了8.042％～350.429％,蔗糖酶活性较CK土壤提高了7.998％～39.885％,碱性磷酸酶活性较CK土壤提高了2.809％～13.999％,过氧化氢酶活性较CK土壤提高了9.333％～35.163％.施用菌肥和腐植酸可显著提高土壤的酶活性.     

Using profitable chrysanthemums for phytoremediation of Cd- and Zn-contaminated soils in the suburb of Shanghai

Purpose

We studied the profitable phytoremediation method with commercial chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) in order to remediate the soils contaminated with heavy metals and generate economy income from the contaminated sites.

Materials and methods

A field experiment was carried out to remediate the contaminated soil through growing the commercial chrysanthemum plants in a farmland polluted with heavy metals of Cd and Zn due to application of creek sediments in the western suburb of Shanghai, Southeast China, since June 2013.

Results and discussion

After the consecutive 3 years of phytoremediation, Cd and Zn contents in the soil were reduced by 78.1% and 28.4%, respectively. We also found that the rice grain growing on the 3-year phytoremediated soil met the requirements of dietary safety, so did the vegetable growing on the 5-year phytoremediated soil.

Conclusions

Growing chrysanthemum plants as a method of phytoremediation can not only remove a large amount of toxic heavy metals from the contaminated soil but also be highly profitable from the sales of chrysanthemum flowers.

     

不同生物质炭对污灌区土壤铜形态及玉米吸收转运富集的影响

【目的】研究菌糠生物质炭对污灌区土壤重金属铜形态及玉米吸收转运富集的影响,横向比较3种菌糠生物质炭和玉米秸秆生物质炭及水稻稻壳生物质炭对其效果的优劣。【方法】通过盆栽试验,对施用5种生物质炭的山西某污灌区土壤中重金属铜形态及玉米各部位重金属铜含量和玉米各部位对重金属铜元素转运及富集系数进行分析。【结果】5种不同生物质质炭处理土壤中可交换态铜含量均低于空白对照,其中灵芝菌糠生物质炭处理土壤中可交换态铜含量最低,为1.005 mg/kg,比空白对照降低31.4%;土壤中碳酸盐结合态铜含量比空白对照均为减少,猴头菇菌糠生物质炭处理土壤中碳酸盐结合态铜含量减少量最多,数值降到5.91 mg/kg,比空白对照降低40.65%;除了猴头菇菌糠生物质炭处理土壤中铁锰氧化物结合态铜含量比空白对照升高2.25%之外,其余4种处理土壤中铁锰氧化物结合态铜含量均有所下降;有机结合态铜含量变化不一致,残渣态铜含量比空白对照均有所上升,上升最多的是猴头菇菌糠生物质炭处理的土壤,含量为104.55 mg/kg,比空白对照增加15.76%;各处理之间玉米对铜元素的转运系数均小于1,不同处理玉米对铜的富集系数变化均不统一。【结论】5种不同生物质炭均可以增加土壤中非活性态重金属铜含量,并降低活性态铜含量,为有效利用生物质炭、降低重金属污染土壤中铜的有效性提供一定的科学依据。     

冻融作用对石油污染土壤酶活性和水溶性碳的影响

通过现场采样调查及室内分析测试,研究了石油污染土壤经过10个冻融循环和恒温处理后,土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性、土壤呼吸速率、水溶性有机碳及微生物量碳的变化特征.结果表明,冻融作用对中重度污染土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性有促进作用,过氧化氢酶活性提高6.64%,脲酶活性增加41.11%,但对土壤微生物量碳影响不大;水溶性有机碳受冻融作用影响较大,其比恒温处理提高67.04 mg·kg-1,且土壤中总石油烃含量越高,水溶性有机碳变化越大;中重度石油污染土壤经过冻融处理后,其石油烃含量较之恒温处理减少明显,两种不同处理的差值达290.268 mg·kg-1,而对于高度石油污染土壤来说,冻融作用则可能不利于石油烃的降解.