秸秆和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作小麦田土壤团聚体氮组分的影响

利用田间定位试验研究旱作农田不同覆盖措施对土壤团聚体氮组分的影响。基于黄土高原8年冬小麦覆盖定位试验,试验设置生育期秸秆覆盖(SM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3个处理。采用干筛法测定团聚体分布特征及不同粒径团聚体中全氮(STN)、微生物量氮(MBN)和潜在可矿化氮(PNM)含量。结果表明:(1)与CK处理相比,2种覆盖处理均未在各粒径团聚体全氮含量有显著变化,但SM处理相较于PM处理提高了0—10 cm土层的1.00～0.25 mm粒径团聚体STN含量(12.88%,P0.05)。(2)与CK处理相比,SM处理在0—10 cm土层中2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量分别提高18.67%,24.05%,20.08%(P0.05),且各粒径团聚体PNM含量分别提高35.13%,30.03%,42.88%(P0.05);SM处理在10—20 cm土层中2.00 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量提高23.02%(P0.05),分别提高2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量28.59%,31.31%,32.48%(P0.05)。(3)PM处理较CK处理提高0—10 cm土层中0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量(32.34%,P0.05)。(4)微团聚体(0.25 mm)氮组分含量均高于大团聚(0.25 mm)氮组分含量,但大团聚体氮组分贡献率为81.88%～87.66%。可见,SM处理可提高土壤表层大团聚体氮组分的贡献率,使更多的氮素储存在大团聚体中,而PM处理对团聚体氮素贡献率的影响作用较小。总体而言,与CK和PM处理相比,SM处理可提高总土壤氮组分含量,提高微团聚体和大团聚体氮组分含量,使更多的氮储存在大团聚体中,促进土壤氮素周转。     

怀豆和黑麦草绿肥残体还田对旱地土壤温室气体排放的影响

以怀豆和黑麦草两种绿肥为对象,分别进行了为期63 d的不同绿肥残体还田量和残体混合比例室内培养试验,其中绿肥残体还田量试验分别设0、1、2、4、6 t·hm^-2共5个水平;残体混合比例试验设100%怀豆、25%怀豆+75%黑麦草、50%怀豆+50%黑麦草、75%怀豆+25%黑麦草和100%黑麦草共5个处理,还田量均为4 t·hm^-2。采用气相色谱法观测了培养期间土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂O、CH₄）通量变化。结果表明：（1）与未添加绿肥残体相比,绿肥残体还田土壤CO₂累积排放通量提高了11.3%~80.2%,土壤N₂O排放提高了15.8%~51.1%,综合增温潜势（GWP）提高了11.9%~79.4%（P<0.05）。随绿肥残体还田量的增加,土壤CO₂排放通量和综合增温潜势（GWP）均呈线性增加,土壤CH₄吸收通量则呈线性下降趋势,而土壤N₂O排放通量呈现先增后减趋势,并在还田量约为3 t·hm^-2时达到最大。相同还田量下添加黑麦草残体较怀豆残体具有更高的土壤CO₂排放和CH₄吸收,而添加怀豆残体较黑麦草残体显著促进了土壤N₂O排放;（2）土壤温室气体累计通量与绿肥残体混合物中黑麦草比例存在线性相关,随黑麦草添加比例的提高,土壤CO₂排放通量显著增加了5.8%~19.7%（P<0.05）,GWP显著增加了5.3%~17.7%（P<0.05）,而N₂O排放通量显著下降了11.2%~41.5%（P<0.05）,CH₄吸收通量则显著下降了13.4%~50.9%（P<0.05）。综合来看,选择非豆科作物比例较低的绿肥残体,并以较低生物量进行还田,能在保持低GWP的同时获得生态效益。     

稻田复种轮作休耕对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

稻田土壤团聚体的比例结构及稳定性状况,对水稻健康可持续发展具有重要影响。2 0 1 2—2 0 1 7年进行冬季不同复种轮作休耕长期定位试验,设置冬闲双季稻、冬种紫云英、油菜、大蒜和轮作双季稻5个处理,利用湿筛法对稻田土壤粒径1~2mm、0.5~1mm、0.25~0.5mm和0.25mm土壤团聚体的百分含量、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)和分型维数(D)进行测定计算。结果表明,在0~50cm土层中,早、晚稻收获后土壤以0.5mm粒级的微小团聚体为主,各处理累积含量分别为78.1%~84.8%和85.6%~91.1%,而0.5 mm较大的团聚累积含量分别为13.1%~21.9%和8.9%~14.4%;同时显著增加了早、晚稻土壤性大团聚体(0.25mm)的百分含量,并相应地减少了微团聚体百分含量,早稻较晚稻表现更为突出;早、晚稻田土壤水稳定性团聚体D指标值的影响不显著,而MWD、GMD达到显著性差异(P0.05)。由此可见,稻田复种轮作及秸秆双重还田,有利于早晚稻田减少微小团聚体而形成大团聚体,早稻季相比晚稻更为显著,能显著增加早、晚稻田土壤团聚体的稳定性(P0.05),提高早、晚稻产量,这对南方稻田可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Relationship between cold resistance,heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars

Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.