河南油田注聚井聚合物堵塞机理及防治技术

为解决河南油田聚合物驱油注聚井堵塞导致采收率严重下降的问题,采用物理模型试验及扫描电镜(SEM)的方法对堵塞位置、堵塞因素进行研究.聚合物注入性试验结果表明,注入阻力越大,注入压力就越高,确定堵塞位置为近井地带,结果与实际矿场结果相符;扫描电镜结果表明,高渗岩心以吸附堵塞为主,低渗岩心以机械捕集为主;静态吸附试验显示防吸附剂质量分数、聚合物相对分子质量、矿化度、温度均对聚合物吸附有不同程度影响,为此研制出一种使砂岩表面润湿反转以减少吸附的防吸附剂(代号5807),并对注入参数进行优化:防吸附剂最优注入质量分数为0.5％;该防吸附剂耐盐性较好,不同矿化度(1500～10000mg/L)对该防吸附剂体系的防吸附率影响不大;防吸附剂注入体积数越大,聚合物防吸附率越高,最佳注入体积为0.6PV;防吸附剂处理地层的时间越长,聚合物防吸附率越高,处理时间在12h以上防吸附率大于70％;防吸附剂的最佳注入方式为:顶替液+0.6 PV防吸附剂段塞+1PV清洗剂.该研究对油田后续现场施工及动态调整具有重要指导意义,同时也可为河南油田提高聚合物驱技术应用效果提供理论支持.     

镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

不同辣椒种质对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性评价

近年来象耳豆根结线虫的危害日益严重.为筛选抗象耳豆根结线虫的辣椒种质,本试验利用种属特异性引物对根结线虫病原物开展分子鉴定,确定为象耳豆根结线虫.接着采用室内人工接种法,对10份一年生辣椒种质和10份中国辣椒种质进行象耳豆根结线虫抗性鉴定,计算根结指数和卵粒指数,并通过比较隶属函数,发现其中3份辣椒种质对象耳豆根结线虫表现为高抗,抗病性最强的是L518M和L525-1M,L42M次之;10份表现为中抗;7份表现为感病,抗病能力最弱的是L69-1M;未发现免疫品种.本研究发现中国辣椒种质的抗病性整体高于一年生辣椒,是重要的抗病种质来源,可用于象耳豆根结线虫抗病育种和后续抗病机理的研究.     

合成氨基酸对肉鸡肠道功能的改善作用

鸡球虫病、坏死性肠炎等肠道感染可能对消化道内源性氨基酸损失产生较大影响。虽然对这一课题的了解不多，但相关文献报道了这些疾病对氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响。在确定肠内氨基酸流动时必须考虑多种因素，包括肉鸡的年龄、是否有病原体、肠内氨基酸代谢等。胃肠道和肝脏共同承担向外周血释放氨基酸的任务，这些氨基酸是支持蛋白质合成所必需的。一般来说，肠道是氨基酸代谢反应的一个非常活跃的器官系统，它首先会满足自身对氨基酸的需求，然后才会将氨基酸输送到机体其他部分。因此，本综述旨在讨论影响肠内氨基酸流动的因素及日粮氨基酸和肠道感染对氨基酸利用和代谢的影响。     

5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

经济林良种推广现状及政策建议

经济林良种是经济林产业的“芯片”,是经济林生产优质、高产、高效的物质基础。完善经济林良种推广政策,是实现经济林产业高质量发展的根本保障。通过数据收集和整理,系统梳理全国经济林良种推广现状,指出经济林良种推广中还存在着良种使用率不高,经济林低产低效;部分经济林良种存在超范围推广;良种审定过多,结构性过剩和种植品种过多,对接生产加工不畅等突出问题。进而提出从以种植为目标的良种推广转变为以生产加工等市场需求为导向的良种推广思路。从优化良种供给、加强良种推广的宏观指导、强化科技支撑和宣传培训、实施经济林提质增效工程和充分发挥产业协会、创新联盟的作用等方面给出优化经济林良种推广的政策建议。     

氮钾浓度对烤烟苗期生长特性的影响

探究氮钾浓度对烟苗生理生化特性的影响,为烟叶苗期氮钾营养平衡提供参考依据.采用水培法,利用基础Hoagland营养液,设置5个不同氮钾浓度处理,分析处理间烟苗的生理生化指标差异.结果表明,氮浓度对烟苗干物质、叶绿素的积累有显著影响,在相同钾浓度下,随着氮浓度的增加,烟苗干物质、叶绿素含量、根系活力显著增加.不同氮水平下,低钾处理间的根系MDA含量、叶片GS活性差异显著.K+对烟苗叶绿素的合成、根系活力、GS活性有一定的促进作用.高氮水平下,高浓度K+会使根系活力、叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降.     

茶毫氨基酸组成及矿质元素分析

成茶白毫的多少及隐显是评定茶叶品质优劣的重要标志之一。为了明确茶毫中的化学组成,以富含茶毫的碧螺春、滇红、白毫银针及白牡丹4个茶样为研究对象,将茶毫与茶身进行分离,利用碳氮元素分析仪对其总碳、总氮及碳氮比进行分析,氨基酸自动分析仪分析其氨基酸组分,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)用来测定其主要矿质元素含量。茶毫中的C、N含量分别为2.96%~4.74%和42.87%~45.58%,其中N含量显著低于茶身(P0.01),C含量差异不显著,C/N茶毫显著高于茶身;茶毫中水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量分别为10.78%~12.46%和20.78~34.65 mg·g~(-1),其中水解氨基酸主要组分及总量均显著低于茶身(P0.01),游离氨基酸总量低于茶身(P0.05),而茶氨酸、天冬酰胺、甘氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等游离氨基酸组分差异不显著,茶毫中茶氨酸所占游离氨基酸的比例显著高于茶身(P0.05);茶毫中的矿质元素普遍低于茶身,其中P、S含量极显著低于茶身(P0.01),其他元素差异不显著。由此可见,茶毫中的氨基酸和矿质元素含量并不比茶身高,但品质成分组成比例的差异赋予了富含茶毫茶叶特有的品质特征。     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC)

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.