不同倍性柿品种的杂交亲和性及结实性研究

【目的】通过对部分柿品种杂交亲和性的研究,为柿杂交育种亲本的选择及杂交组合的选配提供理论依据。【方法】采用“杂3-2”、“禅寺丸”、“杂4-2”和“正月”4个雄株作父本,“黑柿”、“干帽盔”、“野柿”、“平核无”、“金枣柿”和“阳丰”6个雌株作母本,设置自然授粉（对照）、套袋不授粉、套袋后进行无生活力花粉授粉和有生活力花粉不同组合杂交授粉4种处理,利用离体萌发法比较雄株的花粉生活力,利用荧光显微镜观察柿不同杂交组合的亲和性,并比较不同杂交组合的坐果率、单果种子数和无籽果实率。【结果】4个雄株花粉生活力由大到小依次为“杂3-2”（52.53%）>“禅寺丸”(48.13%)>“杂4-2”（40.02%）>“正月”（34.10%）。在24个杂交组合中,相同倍性的父本与母本杂交,柱头乳突细胞表面均无胼胝质（“阳丰”与各雄株杂交情况除外）,且花粉粒在柱头上粘附萌发形成大量的花粉管并不同程度地参与了受精;不同倍性的父本与母本杂交,柱头上粘附的花粉粒少,柱头胼胝质的形成阻碍了花粉的萌发。24个杂交组合中,坐果率和单果种子数最高的组合为“黑柿”ד杂3-2”,分别为74.44%和4.00;坐果率最低的组合为“金枣柿”ד正月”,坐果率和单果种子数分别为22.22%和0.10,且人工授粉处理的坐果率和单果种子数均高于自然授粉处理。通过比较不同授粉方式下6个雌株的无籽果实率可知,“干帽盔”、“阳丰”、“平核无”存在真单性和刺激性单性结实现象,“黑柿”存在刺激性单性结实现象,“野柿”、“金枣柿”存在假单性结实现象。【结论】柿不同雄株间的花粉生活力存在差异;相同倍性的父本与母本杂交亲和性大于不同倍性间父本与母本杂交;人工授粉能明显提高各杂交组合的坐果率和单果种子数。     

Effects of Carbohydrate-free Diets on the Performance of Lactating Mink (Mustela vison) and the Growth Performance of Suckling Kits

The effects of carbohydrate-free diets on body weight changes, feed consumption, and plasma concentrations of nutrients, metabolites, and hormones in lactating mink and on growth performance in kits were investigated in a total of 108 litters during the lactation period of seven weeks. The litters were distributed in three experimental groups fed different ratios of metabolisable energy (ME) derived from protein and fat (61:38; 47:52; 33:66). The females and kits were weighed at parturition and 2, 3, 4, and 7 weeks after parturition. Blood samples were collected from females in the second, fourth, and sixth week of the lactation period. Carbohydrate-free diets fed to lactating mink can in principle support normal performance, health of the females, and growth performance of the kits. However, mink need a sufficient supply of available gluconeogenic precursors in the form of amino acids. In the present experiment, the diet with 33% of ME from protein contained insufficient amounts of gluconeogenic precursors for lactating mink, and three weeks post partum this group was excluded from the experiment. The differences in dietary protein level (61% and 47% of ME) and fat level (38% and 52% of ME) influenced the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and urea, but had minimal influence on plasma concentrations of other nutrients, metabolites, and hormones.     

新农村建设背景下农地使用权流转研究-基于CGSS农户调查数据的分析

为了研究社会主义新农村建设背景下我国农地使用权流转呈现的新特征,并分析影响农户参与农地使用权流转的因素,利用CGSS(2006)对河北和山西两省共6个区县的农户调查数据进行统计分析,比较了不同区域的农地使用权流转现状和特征差异,以及农户承包的旱地、水田和山林等不同类型的农用地使用权流转情况。在此基础上,分析了影响农户参与农地使用权流转的因素,发现农村劳动力转移、农户对农地经营的依赖、农地分配不均、农业比较收益低下和农业机械化程度的提高等都是影响农户参与农地使用权流转的重要因素。     

Ronidazole pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral immediate-release capsule administration in healthy cats

Ronidazole (RDZ) is an effective treatment for feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection, but has produced neurotoxicity in some cats. An understanding of the disposition of RDZ in cats is needed in order to make precise dosing recommendations. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV) RDZ and immediate-release RDZ capsules were evaluated. A single dose of IV RDZ (mean 9.2mg/kg) and a 95mg immediate-release RDZ capsule (mean 28.2mg/kg) were administered to six healthy cats in a randomized crossover design. Plasma samples were collected for 48 h and assayed for RDZ using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Systemic absorption of oral RDZ was rapid and complete, with detection in the plasma of all cats by 10 min after dosing and a bioavailability of 99.64 (±16.54)%. The clearance of RDZ following IV administration was 0.82 (±0.07) ml/kg/min. The terminal half-life was 9.80 (±0.35) and 10.50 (±0.82) h after IV and oral administration, respectively, with drug detectable in all cats 48h after both administrations. The high oral bioavailability of RDZ and slow elimination may predispose cats to neurotoxicity with twice-daily administration. Less frequent administration should be considered for further study of effective treatment of T foetus-infected cats.     

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under long‐term heat stress is sink‐limited with stronger inhibition of kernel setting than grain filling

The aim of the study was to investigate source‐sink relations of wheat under continuous heat stress and to identify bottle necks of yield formation. A pot experiment was conducted in two climatic chambers exposing wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Thasos) either to day/night temperatures of 20/20°C (control conditions) or of 30/25°C (heat stress) during the whole vegetation period in the absence of plant water deficit. Plants were harvested at four phenological stages: three‐node stage (DC 33), start of flowering (DC 61), grain filling (DC 75) and maturity (DC 94). Heat stress shortened the development phases of the plants and caused a significant decrease in total above‐ground biomass between 19% and 41%. At grain filling and at maturity, the reductions in total shoot biomass mainly resulted from grain yield depressions by 77% and 58%, respectively. The ear number per plant was significantly higher under heat stress in comparison with the control, at maturity it was more than doubled. On the contrary, under heat stress, the kernel number per ear was strongly decreased by 83% and 75% during grain filling and at maturity, respectively. The decrease in individual kernel weight was 23% at maturity. Thus, the heat‐stressed plants were able to strongly increase the number of ear‐bearing tillers which were able to set only a small number of kernels, yet these kernels showed good grain filling. The harvest index (HI) of heat‐stressed plants was significantly reduced by 36% (control: HI = 50.1% ± 0.4, heat: HI = 32.2% ± 0.9***). The plants in the stress treatment adapted to the adverse conditions by less biomass production which presumably allowed a higher transpiration without an increase in total water consumption. Nevertheless, under heat stress, the water use efficiency (WUE_grain) was strongly decreased by 62% as a result of a small grain yield. In ears and grains, the sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations were not significantly different between control and heat stress at start of flowering and during grain filling. Thus, the supply of assimilates was not restricted (no source limitation). Sink capacity was reduced by heat stress, as lesser and smaller kernels were produced than in the control. Concerning sink activity, the sink‐limiting step during kernel set is probably the active transport of hexoses across the plasma membrane into the developing kernels, which could also affect grain filling. This needs to be investigated in more detail in further studies.     

Comparative genome and proteome analysis of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster

Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which diverged about 250 million years ago, reveals considerable similarities. However, numerous differences are also observed; some of these must reflect the selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes in both genomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average sequence identity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that observed between the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged about 450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insects diverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequences reveal that orthologous genes have retained only half of their intron/exon structure, indicating that intron gains or losses have occurred at a rate of about one per gene per 125 million years. Chromosomal arms exhibit significant remnants of homology between the two species, although only 34% of the genes colocalize in small "microsyntenic" clusters, and major interarm transfers as well as intra-arm shuffling of gene order are detected.