哺乳犊牛的消化特点与蛋白质需要

本文从犊牛的消化生理特点出发,综述了犊牛出生后的生理特征及蛋白质、必需氨基酸的需要量,并对代乳品中蛋白质原料进行了论述。     

代乳粉用于早期断奶犊牛的效果研究

犊牛使用代乳品可以节省鲜奶，降低饲养成本，控制疾病的发生，促进消化系统的发育。试验用24头犊牛做试验，60日龄断奶。结果表明，代乳品组犊牛增重47．55千克；对照组增重41．72千克；吃代乳品的犊牛在30-60日龄的日增重达到1026克，高于对照组103克。吃代乳品的犊牛每增重1千克的直接饲料成本为15．13元，比鲜奶组犊牛低2．14元／千克。     

茶黄酮对无角多赛特羊生长和呼吸道疾病的影响

选择平均体重为26．6kg的无角多赛特断奶大羔羊22只．平均体重为49．3kg的无角多赛特育成羊48只，分别分为对照组和试验组，试验组羊只精料补充料中添加300mg／kg的茶黄酮，研究茶黄酮对羊只生长和呼吸道疾病的影响。结果表明，添加茶黄酮可提高羔羊和育成羊的增重效果．和对照组比较羔羊提高增量9．8%（P〉0．05），育成羊提高增重6．1%（P〉0．05）；在饲料中添加茶黄酮可使羔羊呼吸道疾病发病率降低64%，使育成羊呼吸道疾病发病率降低50%，可有效预防羊的呼吸道疾病。     

棘孢木霉葡聚糖酶基因Glu1的克隆及原核表达

从棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)ACCC30536中克隆获得一个葡聚糖酶基因Glu1,其cDNA全长984bp,编码327个氨基酸。该葡聚糖酶属于Glyco-hydro-12家族,推测为β-1,4-葡聚糖酶,与深绿木霉IMI 206040的Glycohydro-12家族蛋白(XP_013940397.1)有91%相似性,且亲缘关系较近。运用qRT-PCR技术检测9种诱导条件下棘孢木霉Glu1基因的表达水平,结果表明,Glu1基因能参与棘孢木霉对山新杨(Populus davidiana×P.alba var.pyramidlis)或杨树病原菌的识别。构建原核表达载体并获得重组蛋白rGlu1。酶活特性分析结果表明,该酶最适pH为4.5,最适温度为45℃,且酶活性随诱导时间延长逐渐升高,在5h达到稳定。     

Effect of urea supplementation on performance and safety in diets of Dorper crossbred sheep

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary urea in sheep rations having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio. Sixty‐four Dorper × thin‐tailed Han crossbred ram lambs with an average body weight of 30.8 (±0.02) kg were randomly divided into four groups of 16 sheep each, and each group was fed one of the following diets: a basal diet (CON), or CON supplemented with 0.5% (0.5UTM), 1.5% (1.5UTM) or 2.5% (2.5UTM) urea. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, non‐carcass offals, meat quality and peptic tissue lesions were assayed. The average daily weight gains for CON, 0.5UTM, 1.5UTM and 2.5UTM were 216, 218, 200 and 170 g, respectively, with the CON and 0.5UTM groups higher than 2.5UTM group (p < 0.05). Sheep from the 2.5UTM treatment had a significantly lower dry matter intake (1.29 kg/day) than those from the CON and 0.5UTM treatments (1.42 and 1.43 kg/day, p < 0.05), and the feed conversion ratio in the 2.5UTM group was the highest (p < 0.05). Carcass characteristics, including shrunk body weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dress percentage, and the absolute or relative weight (% body weight) of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, were not altered by the treatments (p > 0.05). The muscular pH of 2.5UTM was higher than that of CON (5.68 vs. 5.52, p < 0.05), and shear force in 0.5UTM was lower compared with CON and 2.5UTM (p < 0.05). The anatomical structure lesions in kidneys became more serious with the increasing dietary urea concentrations, with the 2.5UTM animals showing the most severe lesions compared with CON animals. Therefore, supplementary urea as a non‐protein nitrogen source for sheep should not exceed 1.5% of ration having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio to ensure efficacy and safety.     

Mutant-prevention concentrations of enrofloxacin for Escherichia coli isolates from chickens

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the development of enrofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli isolates obtained from chickens by determining mutant-prevention concentrations (MPCs) and sequence the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC genes in selected isolates. SAMPLE POPULATION: 15 chicken-derived E coli isolates. PROCEDURES: For all isolates, MPC and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of enrofloxacin were determined. The MPCs and maximum serum drug concentrations attained with enrofloxacin doses recommended for treatment of E coli infections in chickens were compared. Mutation frequencies and QRDR sequence changes in gyrA and parC were also determined. RESULTS: In 2 of 15 E coli strains, MPCs were low (0.016 and 0.062 microg/mL), MPC:MIC ratios were 2 and 4, and the GyrA and ParC proteins had no mutations. In 9 susceptible isolates with a GyrA point mutation, MPCs ranged from 2 to 16 microg/mL. For isolates with double mutations in GyrA and a single mutation in ParC, MPCs were > 32 microg/mL (several fold greater than the maximal plasma concentration of enrofloxacin in chickens); mutation frequencies were also much lower, compared with frequencies for single-mutation isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For E coli infections of chickens, MPC appears to be useful for determining enrofloxacin-dosing strategies. The high MPC:MIC ratio may result in enrofloxacin-treatment failure in chickens infected with some wild-type gyrA E coli isolates despite the isolates' enrofloxacin susceptibility (MICs 0.125 to 1 microg/mL). For infections involving isolates with high MPCs, especially those containing mutations in gyrA and parC genes, treatment with combinations of antimicrobials should be adopted.     

宁南旱区苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗规律及粮草轮作土壤水分恢复效应研究

对宁南旱区不同生长年限紫花苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗及粮草轮作水分恢复效应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)随着苜蓿生长年限延长,在1￣6年内苜蓿草地土壤湿度下降迅速,产草量逐年上升,7年后土壤湿度下降趋于平缓,但苜蓿产草量下降迅速,表明苜蓿生长强烈耗水引起深层土壤干燥化,导致苜蓿生长逐渐衰败,苜蓿平均降水生产效率逐年下降;(2)苜蓿草地土壤垂直剖面可分为降水入渗恢复层(0￣200cm)、根系发达枯竭层(200￣500cm)和根系衰老缓耗层(500cm以下)三个层次。随苜蓿生长年限延长,苜蓿剖面的主要土壤干层逐渐上移,并且干层厚度呈现减小趋势;(3)耕翻的苜蓿茬后轮作粮食作物的年份越长,土壤水分恢复越好,实行草粮轮作的苜蓿最迟不超过生长的第10年。     

天女木兰的物候及生长过程

对生长于北华大学林学院树木园内的天女木兰进行物候观测,并将物候与气象因子紧密结合,揭示了天女木兰的物候规律。同时通过对天女木兰的树干解析,找出了野生天女木兰树木的生长规律,从而为天女木兰的保育和开发利用提供了科学依据。     

五个典型柑桔品种的落花落果规律调查

以成年纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑、沙田柚、尤力克柠檬和圆金柑为材料,探索其花果脱落规律。结果表明,最终坐果率与总花量（含花蕾）显著负相关（P < 0.01）;平均单株花果脱落总数量为兴津温州蜜柑 > 纽荷尔脐橙 > 沙田柚 > 圆金柑 > 尤力克柠檬;平均单株花果脱落总干重为兴津温州蜜柑 > 纽荷尔脐橙 > 沙田柚 > 尤力克柠檬 > 圆金柑;纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚第一次生理落果数量大于第二次生理落果,尤力克柠檬和圆金柑第二次生理落果数量大于第一次生理落果。因此,纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚应重点防止第一次生理落果,尤力克柠檬和圆金柑应重点防止第二次生理落果。     

拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计与硬件在环试验

针对电液耦合转向方案转向特性尚不明晰、转向数据采集和记录困难等问题,提出一种硬件在环拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计方案。平台参数设计过程主要考虑功率损耗,为了满足电液耦合转向系统的性能要求,进行精度设计与量程设计。通过总体参数设计,得到电动助力、液压助力和阻力加载系统的参数计算模型,并基于AMESim建立电液耦合转向系统的控制与机械模型仿真进行了参数优化。通过基于dSPACE以及PXI的硬件在环控制方案,进行了各类转向工况试验验证,验证结果表明：阻力加载模拟系统能根据不同的地面条件、行驶工况等参数实现动态加载,响应速度和控制精度均能实现田间阻力模拟要求;电液助力转向系统能够产生较好的平滑助力,具有良好的转向路感;控制系统能与各传感器硬件协同配合,使拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台具有良好的响应特性,能够真实还原拖拉机转向过程。