Gas and short‐chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep

Efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare the 24‐hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivTD₂₄), in vitro gas production (GP) kinetic parameters, GP in 24 hr of incubation (GAS₂₄) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and microbial biomass (MBS) produced after 24‐hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from sheep and red deer rumen fluid. Eleven feeds, frequently consumed by red deer in Slovenia, which occur either naturally (two fresh grasses, chestnut fruits and common and sessile oak acorns) or are fed as winter supplemental feeds (two grass hays, two grass silages, apple pomace, fresh sugar beetroot), were investigated. The in vitro GP kinetic parameters, GAS₂₄ and ivTD₂₄, did not differ between animal species. Amounts of SCFAs were greater (p < 0.05) when feeds were incubated in sheep inoculum, while molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ. Molar proportions of butyric acid produced during incubation of high fibre feeds did not differ between animal species, but were higher (p < 0.05) when feeds high in starch or sugar were incubated in red deer inoculum. Greater production of SCFA by sheep rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with energy precursors, while greater production of MBS by red deer rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with protein. Results also suggest that rumens of sheep and red deer are inhabited by different microbial communities, which did not affect the extent of in vitro GP and degradation of feeds used in the present experiment. However, the possibility exists that the divergent nutrient use could be a consequence of different priming by different feeds of the donor animal diets.     

猪场废弃物处理技术与应用

养殖废弃物对环境的污染越来越严重,为保证养殖与环境协调发展,我国开展养殖废弃物综合利用方式的研究。近年,各地开发出多种废弃物处理和利用方式,主要是以循环发展理念为技术发展方向,提高废弃物循环利用效率。该文列举国内外的养殖废弃物处理技术,结合我国生猪养殖现状,总结出适合我国的生猪养殖废弃物高效利用技术。     

主要梨属砧木枝条导管分子结构比较分析

为探索梨树砧木的矮生机制,以矮生型梨砧木‘PY-9’、‘BA-29’、‘OHF-87’、"东7-7"、"中矮Ⅱ号"、"FOX11"等为试材,以普通型梨砧木杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia)、豆梨(P.calleryana)、砂梨(P.pyrifolia)、秋子梨(P.ussuriensis)、木梨(P.xerophila)、川梨(P.pashia)、褐梨(P.phaeocarpa)、杏叶梨(P.armeniacaefolia)、柳叶梨(P.salicfolia)等为对照,采用组织离析、显微照相与生物学统计方法,对1年生枝条导管分子的形态和大小进行了观察。结果表明:普通型和矮生型梨砧木的导管分子形态多为圆柱形,均属于孔纹导管;其矮生型导管分子的穿孔板类型、有尾情况、端壁倾斜状况、端尾长度与普通型无明显差异;矮生型导管分子平均长度在275.1~300.8μm,平均直径在26.1~29.9μm;普通型梨砧木枝条导管分子平均长度在331.6~399.3μm,平均直径在31.2~36.0μm;矮生型梨砧木导管分子长度与直径显著小于普通型梨砧木。以上结果表明,矮生型梨砧木表现出小导管性,这可能是矮生型梨砧木致矮的细胞学原因之一。     

玉米小斑病菌生理小种扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜观察玉米小斑病致病真菌T、C与O三个生理小种孢子和菌丝的表面结构,发现在生理小种间,孢子、菌丝的大小,表面形态结构,产孢量等存在着某些差异.     

2种多胺对铁皮石斛瓶内开花的影响

以铁皮石斛无根组培苗为试验材料,研究不同浓度的外源腐胺（Put）和精胺（Spm）对铁皮石斛瓶内开花的影响。结果表明：培养基中添加适量的Put和Spm可提高开花率。当Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,铁皮石斛瓶内开花率最高,为30.47%;Spm浓度为0.2 mg/L时,铁皮石斛瓶内开花率最高,为22.26%;Put浓度为0.2 mg/L时,铁皮石斛始花期最短,为83.33 d,观赏期最长,为43.33 d。Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,植株可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高;对照处理下植株全N含量达最高;Spm浓度为0.6 mg/L时,植株C/N比达最大。Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,有利于铁皮石斛组培苗碳氮化合物的积累,可提高铁皮石斛的开花率;Put浓度为0.2 mg/L时,能使花期提前,延长观赏期。Spm浓度为0.4 mg/L时,有利于铁皮石斛组培苗株高增长和生根,促进铁皮石斛组培苗的营养生长。     

Maize defence mechanisms against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.     

Effects of no‐take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta‐analytical approach

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are often promoted as tools for biodiversity conservation as well as for fisheries management. Despite increasing evidence of their usefulness, questions remain regarding the optimal design of MPAs, in particular concerning their function as fisheries management tools, for which empirical studies are still lacking. Using 28 data sets from seven MPAs in Southern Europe, we developed a meta‐analytical approach to investigate the effects of protection on adjacent fisheries and asking how these effects are influenced by MPA size and age. Southern European MPAs showed clear effects on the surrounding fisheries, on the ‘catch per unit effort’ (CPUE) of target species, but especially on the CPUE of the marketable catch. These effects depended on the time of protection and on the size of the no‐take area. CPUE of both target species and the marketable catch increased gradually by 2–4% per year over a long time period (at least 30 years). The influence of the size of the no‐take area appeared to be more complex. The catch rates of the entire fishery in and around the MPA were higher when the no‐take areas were smaller. Conversely, catch rates of selected fisheries that were expected to benefit most from protection increased when the no‐take area was larger. Our results emphasize the importance of MPA size on its export functions and suggest that an adequate, often extended, time frame be used for the management and the evaluation of effectiveness of MPAs.     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

升温方式对中试鼓泡流化床气化过程的影响

为了研究中试鼓泡流化床升温过程特性,试验以木屑为原料,处理量50kg/h的自供热中试鼓泡流化床为反应装置,采取3种不同的升温方式进行空气气化试验研究。升温过程分别采用木屑、木屑与木炭混合、木炭为加热原料,针对气化前期系统升温过程中的气化温度、焦油含量、气体品质及最小流化速度进行了研究。结果表明:采用纯木炭的升温方式效果较为理想;气化主反应区温度控制在900℃以上,温度及升温速率的提高有利于减少焦油生成量,实测焦油含量为1.15g/m3;空气气化时热值可达6.9MJ/m3;最小流化速度受床料粒径和升温速率影响。该试验可为自供热中试流化床试验平台的升温方式提供一种设备简单,操作方便、快捷,经济性好的新方法。