哺乳犊牛的消化特点与蛋白质需要

本文从犊牛的消化生理特点出发,综述了犊牛出生后的生理特征及蛋白质、必需氨基酸的需要量,并对代乳品中蛋白质原料进行了论述。     

代乳粉用于早期断奶犊牛的效果研究

犊牛使用代乳品可以节省鲜奶，降低饲养成本，控制疾病的发生，促进消化系统的发育。试验用24头犊牛做试验，60日龄断奶。结果表明，代乳品组犊牛增重47．55千克；对照组增重41．72千克；吃代乳品的犊牛在30-60日龄的日增重达到1026克，高于对照组103克。吃代乳品的犊牛每增重1千克的直接饲料成本为15．13元，比鲜奶组犊牛低2．14元／千克。     

茶黄酮对无角多赛特羊生长和呼吸道疾病的影响

选择平均体重为26．6kg的无角多赛特断奶大羔羊22只．平均体重为49．3kg的无角多赛特育成羊48只，分别分为对照组和试验组，试验组羊只精料补充料中添加300mg／kg的茶黄酮，研究茶黄酮对羊只生长和呼吸道疾病的影响。结果表明，添加茶黄酮可提高羔羊和育成羊的增重效果．和对照组比较羔羊提高增量9．8%（P〉0．05），育成羊提高增重6．1%（P〉0．05）；在饲料中添加茶黄酮可使羔羊呼吸道疾病发病率降低64%，使育成羊呼吸道疾病发病率降低50%，可有效预防羊的呼吸道疾病。     

棘孢木霉葡聚糖酶基因Glu1的克隆及原核表达

从棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)ACCC30536中克隆获得一个葡聚糖酶基因Glu1,其cDNA全长984bp,编码327个氨基酸。该葡聚糖酶属于Glyco-hydro-12家族,推测为β-1,4-葡聚糖酶,与深绿木霉IMI 206040的Glycohydro-12家族蛋白(XP_013940397.1)有91%相似性,且亲缘关系较近。运用qRT-PCR技术检测9种诱导条件下棘孢木霉Glu1基因的表达水平,结果表明,Glu1基因能参与棘孢木霉对山新杨(Populus davidiana×P.alba var.pyramidlis)或杨树病原菌的识别。构建原核表达载体并获得重组蛋白rGlu1。酶活特性分析结果表明,该酶最适pH为4.5,最适温度为45℃,且酶活性随诱导时间延长逐渐升高,在5h达到稳定。     

寒地包衣玉米种子压缩特性试验研究

以寒地包衣玉米种子龙丹47为研究对象,对其物料特性进行了测量,得到三轴尺寸长9.287mm、宽7.64 mm、厚5.9 8 mm,休止角3 2.2 0°,自流角2 5.4 0°,千粒质量3 6 9.5 g。利用CTM2 0 5 0微机控制电子万能材料试验机,得到龙丹47玉米种子在平放、立放、侧放条件下的压缩特性曲线,经拟合曲线符合PEAL-READ模型,并获得了最大压缩载荷(平放379.5N、立放124.3N、侧放161.926N)、弹性模量(平放161.528 MPa、立放45.66MPa、侧放1 0 2.8 9 3 MPa)和抗压强度(平放1 0.8 4 4 MPa,立放3.5 5 2 MPa、侧放4.6 2 6 MPa)。结果显示:籽粒平放时的压缩载荷明显高于侧放和立放时的载荷,且平放压缩载荷是立放压缩载荷的2.6倍,是侧放压缩载荷的2.7倍;而侧放与立放的压缩载荷差异不大,表明籽粒在侧放和立放时更易受压缩外力的影响。     

Effect of urea supplementation on performance and safety in diets of Dorper crossbred sheep

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary urea in sheep rations having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio. Sixty‐four Dorper × thin‐tailed Han crossbred ram lambs with an average body weight of 30.8 (±0.02) kg were randomly divided into four groups of 16 sheep each, and each group was fed one of the following diets: a basal diet (CON), or CON supplemented with 0.5% (0.5UTM), 1.5% (1.5UTM) or 2.5% (2.5UTM) urea. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, non‐carcass offals, meat quality and peptic tissue lesions were assayed. The average daily weight gains for CON, 0.5UTM, 1.5UTM and 2.5UTM were 216, 218, 200 and 170 g, respectively, with the CON and 0.5UTM groups higher than 2.5UTM group (p < 0.05). Sheep from the 2.5UTM treatment had a significantly lower dry matter intake (1.29 kg/day) than those from the CON and 0.5UTM treatments (1.42 and 1.43 kg/day, p < 0.05), and the feed conversion ratio in the 2.5UTM group was the highest (p < 0.05). Carcass characteristics, including shrunk body weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dress percentage, and the absolute or relative weight (% body weight) of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, were not altered by the treatments (p > 0.05). The muscular pH of 2.5UTM was higher than that of CON (5.68 vs. 5.52, p < 0.05), and shear force in 0.5UTM was lower compared with CON and 2.5UTM (p < 0.05). The anatomical structure lesions in kidneys became more serious with the increasing dietary urea concentrations, with the 2.5UTM animals showing the most severe lesions compared with CON animals. Therefore, supplementary urea as a non‐protein nitrogen source for sheep should not exceed 1.5% of ration having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio to ensure efficacy and safety.     

高温胁迫对丹参光合生理指标及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以丹参为试材,采用土培盆栽法,于第1茬花开前进行高温胁迫处理,研究了高温胁迫对丹参生理指标、光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:随着高温胁迫时间的延长,丹参叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈上升趋势,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈下降趋势;丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量均呈上升趋势,且与胁迫时间呈极显著多项式关系。净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降趋势,且各指标均与胁迫时间呈负相关。最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、有效光化学量子产量(Fv′/Fm′)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)均呈下降趋势,且各指标均与胁迫时间呈负相关,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)呈先上升后下降趋势。研究表明,高温(40℃)对丹参生理指标、光合及叶绿素荧光特性有较大的影响,且各功能指标共同作用,以减轻植株所受伤害。     

Mutant-prevention concentrations of enrofloxacin for Escherichia coli isolates from chickens

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the development of enrofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli isolates obtained from chickens by determining mutant-prevention concentrations (MPCs) and sequence the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC genes in selected isolates. SAMPLE POPULATION: 15 chicken-derived E coli isolates. PROCEDURES: For all isolates, MPC and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of enrofloxacin were determined. The MPCs and maximum serum drug concentrations attained with enrofloxacin doses recommended for treatment of E coli infections in chickens were compared. Mutation frequencies and QRDR sequence changes in gyrA and parC were also determined. RESULTS: In 2 of 15 E coli strains, MPCs were low (0.016 and 0.062 microg/mL), MPC:MIC ratios were 2 and 4, and the GyrA and ParC proteins had no mutations. In 9 susceptible isolates with a GyrA point mutation, MPCs ranged from 2 to 16 microg/mL. For isolates with double mutations in GyrA and a single mutation in ParC, MPCs were > 32 microg/mL (several fold greater than the maximal plasma concentration of enrofloxacin in chickens); mutation frequencies were also much lower, compared with frequencies for single-mutation isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For E coli infections of chickens, MPC appears to be useful for determining enrofloxacin-dosing strategies. The high MPC:MIC ratio may result in enrofloxacin-treatment failure in chickens infected with some wild-type gyrA E coli isolates despite the isolates' enrofloxacin susceptibility (MICs 0.125 to 1 microg/mL). For infections involving isolates with high MPCs, especially those containing mutations in gyrA and parC genes, treatment with combinations of antimicrobials should be adopted.     

初乳真空冷冻干燥传热传质系数测定与分析

应用准稳态传热传质理论，在考虑水蒸气扩散对传热作用情况下，分别建立了奶牛初乳在真空冷冻干燥中多孔干燥层有效导热系数，冻结层导热系数和水蒸气扩散系数的测试模型，利用在冻干机上测取的试验数据，回归得到初乳的传热系数与水蒸气扩散系数，分析了压力与系数间的关系，结果表明，在１０Ｐａ～１２０Ｐａ范围内，干燥层有效导热系数随压力增大而增加，尤其在１０Ｐａ～６０Ｐａ范围内更为明显，而水蒸气扩散系数随压力的改变变     

天女木兰的物候及生长过程

对生长于北华大学林学院树木园内的天女木兰进行物候观测,并将物候与气象因子紧密结合,揭示了天女木兰的物候规律。同时通过对天女木兰的树干解析,找出了野生天女木兰树木的生长规律,从而为天女木兰的保育和开发利用提供了科学依据。