新入侵害虫螺旋粉虱的田间药效试验及防效

螺旋粉虱(Aleurodicus disperses Russell)是新入侵我国海南省的l种外来有害生物,对农业生产和生态环境具有较大危害性.田间防治研究结果表明:10%(质量分数,以下各农药浓度均为质量分数)联苯菊酯乳油、10%高效灭百可乳油、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油等3种菊酯类杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱均表现出良好的速效性和持效性,其中又以10%高效灭百可乳油防效最高,为98.32%～100%;40%乐果乳油、30%敌百虫乳油和40%乙酰甲胺磷乳油等3种有机磷类农药的防效以40%乙酰甲胺磷乳油较好,但都低于上述3种菊酯类农药的防效;98%巴丹粉剂速效性较好,持效性较低;18%杀虫双水剂的速效性和持效性均较差.     

Differentiation of canine bone marrow stromal cells into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells by basic fibroblast growth factor

We investigated the in vitro differentiation of canine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells. BMSCs were obtained from the bone marrow of healthy beagle dogs. Canine BMSCs were incubated with the basal medium for neurons containing recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 100 ng/ml). The viability of the bFGF-treated cells was assessed by a trypan blue exclusion assay, and the morphology was monitored. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to evaluate mRNA expression of neuronal, neural stem cell and glial markers. Western blotting and immunocytochemical analysis for the neuronal markers were performed to evaluate the protein expression and localization. The Ca²⁺ mobilization of the cells was evaluated using the Ca²⁺ indicator Fluo3 to monitor Ca²⁺ influx. To investigate the mechanism of bFGF-induced neuronal differentiation, the fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor or the Akt inhibitor was tested. The bFGF treatment resulted in the maintenance of the viability of canine BMSCs for 10 days, in the expression of neuronal marker mRNAs and proteins and in the manifestation of neuron-like morphology. Furthermore, in the bFGF-treated BMSCs, a high concentration of KCl and L-glutamate induced an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ levels. Each inhibitor significantly attenuated the bFGF-induced increase in neuronal marker mRNA expression. These results suggest that bFGF contributes to the differentiation of canine BMSCs into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells and may lead to the development of new cell-based treatments for neuronal diseases.     

Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production

As the aquaculture industry intensively develops, its environmental impact increases. Discharges from aquaculture deteriorate the receiving environment and the need for fishmeal and fish oil for fish feed production increases. Rotating biological contactors, trickling filters, bead filters and fluidized sand biofilters are conventionally used in intensive aquaculture systems to remove nitrogen from culture water. Besides these conventional water treatment systems, there are other possible modi operandi to recycle aquaculture water and simultaneously produce fish feed. These double-purpose techniques are the periphyton treatment technique, which is applicable to extensive systems, and the proteinaceous bio-flocs technology, which can be used in extensive as well as in intensive systems. In addition to maintenance of good water quality, both techniques provide an inexpensive feed source and a higher efficiency of nutrient conversion of feed. The bio-flocs technology has the advantage over the other techniques that it is relatively inexpensive; this makes it an economically viable approach for sustainable aquaculture.     

浅谈英语课堂教学活动的设计

教学活动的设计和使用成为英语课堂一个十分重要的环节,对最终的教学效果起不可或缺的作用.本文试从英语课堂教学活动的设计和活动方法两个方面,从教师的角度对该问题进行了初步探讨,对英语教师的课堂活动设计有一定参考作用.     

Geochemical fluxes in forested acidified catchments

The atmospheric deposition of some major components (e.g., NO₃-N 6.6 and 14.5; SO₄-S 17.8 and 42.4 kg ha^–1 a^–1) and trace elements (e.g., Cd 0.4 and 1.1, Cu < 1.9=" and=" 15,=" pb=" 43=" and=" 48=" g=">^–1 a^–1) in bulk and throughfall deposition respectively, shows a pronounced decline in recent measurements of total deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). This is true for both bulk and throughfall deposition in 1992–1994 as compared to similar data from 1985–1989. The decline is a result of successful emission control strategies in central Europe and the shut down of plants and factories in the former GDR.The dry deposition at the highest (influenced by long-range transport) and the lowest station (local influences) shows distinct differences (e.g., Cd 0.6 and 0.3; Cu 17.4 and 7.3; Pb 13 and 31 ng m^–3). A comparison between total and dry deposition exhibits the different behavior of elements in respect to atmospheric concentrations and solubility in (rain)water. Anthropogenically released elements are mainly immited via wet deposition.     

Determination of total folate in plant material by chemical conversion into para-aminobenzoic acid followed by high performance liquid chromatography combined with on-line postcolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection

A procedure involving chemical conversion of all forms of folate present in plant material into para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and a liquid chromatographic-fluorimetric determination with on-line postcolumn derivatization is reported. All folates are cleaved with liberation of PABA by hydrogen peroxide followed by acid hydrolysis using concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) at 110 degrees C for 6 h. The reaction yield for individual folates conversion to PABA ranged from 44.4 to 97.3%. PABA could be determined sensitively by on-line postcolumn derivatization with fluorescamine, the detection limit for PABA being 3.02 nM. On the basis of this principle, a method for the determination of total folate in plant material, including a purification step on an affinity column, is presented, which offers a sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for routine analysis of total folate in natural samples. The total folate contents of tomatoes, carrots, white cabbage, and spinach were determined, and the results were quite comparable to the data reported. The recovery of PABA and the comparison of total folate analysis in spinach on different occasions (over 6 months) are also reported. The method is reliable, universal for all folates, including polyglutamate and monoglutamate forms, and eliminates the need for a deconjugation step and multiple conversion reactions.     

Leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox,and their uptake in soils by sugarbeet plants

The leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox in soils (sandy loam, silt loam and sandy clay loam), and their uptake by sugarbeet plants were studied. Three irrigation levels were maintained: half, normal and double dose. The residues were determined as the sum of the insecticidal metabolites (parent compound + sulphoxide+ sulphone) for both pesticides. Leaching was greatly influenced by the amount of water added and the soil type. Under normal conditions, leaching seemed to proceed very slowly, keeping the chemicals available for uptake by the root systems for a long time. The concentration of insecticide in the leaves was highest in beets grown on sandy loam and lowest in those grown on sandy clay loam. The quantity of irrigation did not influence the residue concentration in the leaves greatly, although its influence was obvious on the total residue present (μg per plant). Increasing the water dose always resulted in a higher total residue, and a greater plant weight. The breakdown in the soils was directly related to the water dose. The experiments show that thiofanox was more stable than aldicarb and was taken up by sugarbeet to a greater extent.     

Proliferation capacity, neuronal differentiation potency and microstructures after the differentiation of canine bone marrow stromal cells into neurons

We examined the proliferation capacity and neuronal differentiation potency of canine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In addition, the microstructures of neuron-like cells after neuronal differentiation were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Canine BMSCs grew to confluency at 10.0 ± 2.5 days, and 3.8 ± 2.1 × 10(6) BMSCs were collected in one passage. Approximately 65% of canine BMSCs changed to neuron-like morphology after neuronal differentiation, and nearly all neuron-like cells stained positive against neuron-specific enolase. In addition, microstructures such as the cellular organelles, filaments and growth cones of these cells bore a close resemblance to those of the original mature neurons. These results suggested that canine BMSCs might be capable of differentiating into neurons.     

Satellite-based stand-wise forest cover type mapping using a spatially adaptive classification approach

Due to high variation in forest communities, forest structure and the fragmentation of the forested area in Central Europe, satellite-based forest inventory methods have to meet particularly high-quality requirements. This study presents an innovative method to combine official forest inventory information at stand level with multidate satellite imagery using a spatially adaptive classification approach for producing wall-to-wall forest cover maps of important tree species and management classes across multiple ownership regions in a heterogeneous low mountain range in Germany. The classification approach was applied to a 5,200-km² area (about 2,080?km² of forest land, mostly mixed forests) located in the Eifel mountain range in Central Europe. In comparison with conventional classifiers, our results demonstrate a significant increase in classification accuracy in the order of 12%. The method was tested with ASTER images but holds the potential to be used for regular state forest inventories based on standard and novel earth observation data supplied for instance from the SPOT-5 and RapidEye sensors.