Identification of resistance to Pratylenchus thornei,P. neglectus,P. penetrans and Ditylenchus dipsaci in Turkish accessions of five wild chickpea species (Cicer bijugum,C. echinospermum,C. pinnatifidum,C. reticulatum and C. turcicum)

Phytoparasitica - Plant-parasitic nematodes feed and reproduce in chickpea roots. Root-lesion nematodes are one of the most important biotic factors to limit chickpea production in the world. The...     

Gibbsiella quercinecans and Brenneria roseae subsp. roseae associated to the canker disease of walnut trees in northwestern Iran

European Journal of Plant Pathology - A bacterial disease of walnut (Juglans regia) has been observed in northwestern Iran during the summer of 2018 with symptoms similar to the shallow bark canker...     

Determination of chemical transport properties for different textures of undisturbed soils

Agrichemicals usually contaminate groundwater via preferential flow, therefore determination of the preferential flow characteristics of soil is needed. One model that predicts solute transport due to preferential flow is the mobile–immobile (MIM) solute-transport model, which partitions total water content (θ; m³ m^?3) into mobile (θ_m) and immobile fractions (θ_im). In undisturbed soils, a method is proposed for determining the MIM model parameters, i.e. immobile water fraction (θ_im), mass transfer coefficient (α) and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D _h). Breakthrough curves were obtained for five different soil textures in three replicates, by miscible displacement of Cl^? in undisturbed soil columns. Cl^? breakthrough curves were evaluated in terms of the MIM model. Analysis suggests that the values of D _h and α increased with lighter soil textures and θ_im increased with heavier soil textures. The values of θ_im ranged from 5.31 to 14.28% in different soil textures. Furthermore, values of θ_im were found to be related to soil clay content. Values of α ranged from 0.0257 to 0.32 h^?1 and values of D _h ranged from 0.36 to 11.2 cm² h^?1 in different soil textures. A significant linear correlation was obtained between α, θ_im, D _h and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) and pore water velocity (v). A multivariate pedotransfer function was developed to estimate α, θ_im and D _h based on the geometric mean (d _g) and the standard deviation (σ_g) of the diameter of soil particles and soil organic matter content. The pedotransfer functions for D _h, θ_im and α were validated by independent data sets from other investigators.     

Efficacy of mannanoligosaccharides and humate on immune response to Avian Influenza (H9) disease vaccination in broiler chickens

The effect of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and Humate (HU) in broiler diets on antibody titers against Avian Influenza virus (AIV) was evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design was used, and chicks were divided into 8 treatment groups, with 4 replicates per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate. Treatments were: 1) negative control group (CTL−), neither vaccinated against AIV nor given additives; 2) positive control (CTL+) or broilers were vaccinated against AIV + 0 additives; 3,4 and 5) CTL+ plus diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% HU, respectively; 6,7 and 8) CTL+ plus diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% MOS, respectively. For antibody analyses, blood samples were weekly collected by wing veins and the titers of antibody against AIV were measured by haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI). Compared to the positive control, the antibody titers against AIV were determined significantly lower in negative control group from 28 to 42 days of age. The inclusion of MOS resulted in increased antibody titers against AIV in the fourth, fifth and sixth weeks of age. MOS was effective in stimulating the humoral immune responses against AIV vaccine viruses. This study demonstrated an increase in the antibody titers in broilers fed diets containing 0.3% HU. In general, results of this study demonstrated that MOS proved to be much more effective on antibody production against AIV in broiler chicks than HU. Immune function could be modified with dietary HU and MOS supplementation.