Prevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dutch dairy cattle herds based on bulk tank milk testing

Despite cattle herds can harbor Coxiella burnetii, risk factors for C. burnetii presence in dairy cattle herds are largely unknown. Therefore, C. burnetii herd prevalence and risk factors for bulk tank milk (BTM) positivity were investigated. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was filled out by the farmer and BTM from 301 farms was tested by ELISA for presence of C. burnetii antibodies and PCR for presence of C. burnetii DNA. Risk factors were identified by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Antibodies to C. burnetii were detected in 81.6% (CI: 77.2–85.9) and C. burnetii DNA in 18.8% (CI: 14.4–23.1) of the BTM samples. Herd size (OR = 1.1 per 10 cows), cleaning the bedding of the cubicles at most every other day (OR = 2.8) and purchase of cattle from at least two addresses (OR = 3.1) showed a significant and positive association with ELISA positivity and use of an automatic milking system a negative association (OR = 0.3). Risk factors for PCR positivity were purchase of cattle from at least two delivery addresses (OR = 3.2), presence of cows with ticks (OR = 2.0), use of an automatic milking system (OR = 0.2) and presence of goats or sheep on the farm (OR = 0.4). Biosecurity and general hygiene seem associated with introduction and spread of C. burnetii in dairy herds.