枣实蝇对寄主植物不同器官的选择性测定

[目的]为枣实蝇引诱剂的研发提供理论依据。[方法]从枣实蝇行为学研究入手,以“Y”型嗅觉仪分别测试了枣实蝇对红枣和杏两种寄主植物不同新鲜器官的选择行为。[结果]表明,不同性别的枣实蝇成虫对寄主植物枣和杏不同器官的选择性表现出一定差异。雌虫对枣果的选择性比叶片和花的要强（P<0.05）,对枣果、枣花、叶片三者的选择率分别为35%、25%、22%;从枣果不同发育期（青果期、半红期、全红期）的选择性来看,雌虫对半红期枣果的选择性最强,选择率为38%,青果次之,为35%。而雄虫对枣花的选择性较强,选择率为38%,半红期枣果次之,为32%。枣实蝇对杏树不同器官的选择性来看,对果实的选择性比叶片的选择性要强（P<0.05）,从杏果（青果、熟果）不同发育期的选择性来看,雌虫对青果的选择性最强,选择率为30%,熟果次之,为28%。雄虫对熟果的选择性较强,选择率为28%,与青果、叶片有显著差异（P<0.05）。[结论]同一性别不同生理状态的成虫对寄主植物不同器官的选择性表现出一定差异,性成熟的成虫比未性成熟的成虫对寄主植物的选择性要强。性成熟的枣实蝇雌成虫对半红期枣果的趋性强于枣花与叶片     

Spatio-temporal pattern and changes of evapotranspiration in arid Central Asia and Xinjiang of China

Accurate inversion of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) in arid areas is of great significance for understanding global eco-hydrological process and exploring the spatio-temporal variation and ecological response of water resources.It is also important in the functional evaluation of regional water cycle and water balance,as well as the rational allocation and management of water resources.This study,based on model validation analysis at varied scales in five Central Asian countries and China's Xinjiang,developed an appropriate approach for ET inversion in arid lands.The actual ET during growing seasons of the study area was defined,and the changes in water participating in evaporation in regional water cycle were then educed.The results show the simulation error of SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model under cloud amount consideration was 1.34% at 30-m spatial scale,2.75% at 1-km spatial scale and 6.37% at 4-km spatial scale.ET inversion for 1980-2007 applying SEBS model in the study area indicates:(1) the evaporation depth (May-September) by land types descends in the order of waters (660.24 mm) > cultivated land (464.66 mm) > woodland (388.44 mm) > urbanized land (168.16 mm) > grassland (160.48 mm) > unused land (83.08 mm);and (2) ET during the 2005 growing season in Xinjiang and Central Asia was 2,168.68×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.05) and 9,741.03×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.4),respectively.The results unveiled the spatio-temporal variation rules of ET process in arid areas,providing a reference for further research on the water cycle and water balance in similar arid regions.     

QUANTITATIVE PEDOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOILS DERIVED FROM SILURIAN MUDSTONES

The soils in Cwmcadian, Merionethshire, have developed in uniform Silurian mudstones. This rock consists of fundamental primary particles of silt and clay size. These are released on weathering in the same ratio as they occur in the rock. Because of the simple mode of weathering, silt may be used as an internal standard against which to assess gains and losses of mobile soil constituents during pedogenesis.     

QUANTITATIVE PEDOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOILS DERIVED FROM SILURIAN MUDSTONES

The main mineralogical change during soil development on Silurian mudstone in mid-Wales is the weathering of chlorite. Quantitative assessments of changes occurring during pedogenesis have indicated that the release of Mg, Fe, and Al from the parent rock is coincident with the textural degradation of the mudstone. Acid dissolution suggests that the iron-rich chlorite, which is probably diagenetic and may act as a rock cement, contains most of the Mg and Fe present in the rock.     

托木尔峰自然保护区朽木生地衣物种分布特征

为进一步确定影响朽木生地衣物种分布的环境因素,在托木尔峰自然保护区的北坡海拔1 950~2 750 m地带选择18个样地对朽木生地衣物种多样性及其物种分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,地衣种类的多样性和朽木径阶、海拔和腐蚀阶段之间有显著的相关性。地衣种类与朽木径阶的相关性系数R~2为0.624 7,50~75 cm径阶的朽木上地衣的多样性最大。地衣群落的结构和物种组成随着海拔高度发生变化,其相关性系数R2为0.776 8,一般在海拔1 950~2 150 m的地带朽木上地衣群落的物种丰富度最高。不同腐蚀阶段的朽木上地衣种类和丰富度间存在显著性差异。     

新疆木灵藓属Orthotrichum Hedw.植物的分类学研究

根据历年采自新疆各地区的350号木灵藓属Orthotrichum 植物标本,在查阅大量文献的基础上,通过经典分类学方法,对新疆木灵藓属植物进行了整理、鉴定和分类。结果表明：新疆有木灵藓属植物5亚属、17种,包括裸孔亚属subg. Gymnoporus (6种) 、直叶亚属subg. Orthophyllum (1种)、疣叶亚属subg. Pulchella (5种)、圆孔亚属subg. Phaneroporum (1种)、木灵藓亚属subg. Orthotrichum (4种),其中高山木灵藓Orthotrichum alpestre Hornsch. ex B.S.G为中国新记录种;中国木灵藓O. hookeri Wils. ex Mitt.、东亚木灵藓O. ibukiense Toy.、短丛木灵藓O. pumilum Sw. 和卷叶木灵藓O. revolutum C. Muell. 为新疆新记录种。通过对新疆新记录种的生境、识别特征、采集地点、地理分布、海拔等信息的整理分析,绘制了4个种的线条图,并编制了新疆木灵藓属植物的分亚属和分种检索表。