酒精糟液香菇深层发酵富集微量元素的研究(续)

2 4 3　通气量对香菇富硒的影响香菇是好氧菌 ,培养基的溶氧对香菇的生长及代谢至关重要。采用不同装液量进行实验。结果表明 ,过高或过低的溶氧都不利于香菇富硒 ,当5 0 0mL三角瓶装液体积为 2 5 0mL时 ,富硒率最高。图 7　通气量对香菇富硒的影响2 4 4　培养时间对香菇生长及富硒的影响图 8　培养时间对香菇富硒的影响　　从图 8可看出 ,随着香菇培养时间的延长 ,富硒率不断升高 ,当培养时间为 14 4h时达到最高 ,随后开始下降。这主要是因为培养前期 ,随着香菇的不断生长 ,对硒的同化能力不断提高 ,而在培养后期 ,由于菌体衰老生命力…     

The influence of rapid growth on sodium salicylate pharmacokinetics in male turkeys

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of growth on the pharmacokinetics of sodium salicylate (SS) in male turkeys. SS was administered intravenously at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Plasma drug concentrations were assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. As the age increased from 6 to 13 weeks (body weight increase from 2.35 to 9.43 kg), median body clearance decreased from 1.34 to 0.87 ml/min/kg. This caused a significant increase in the median mean residence time from 3.42 to 4.44 hr. Elimination phase proved to be biphasic and two elimination half‐lives (T_1/2el) were distinguished. Whereas T_1/2el1 was found to increase with age by 128%, T_1/2el2 represented a later but faster and less age‐dependent phase of elimination (increase by 56% in the respective groups). Volume of distribution decreased with age. These effects may lead to different therapeutic response to SS in turkeys of different age and body weights.     

Changes in technical efficiency of the broiler production in Poland, 1994–2013

1. The effects of changes in technical efficiency on the increase of broiler production are presented for the period 1994–2013 based on the panel data from seven farms located in southern and central Poland. A total of 766 cycles were analysed.

2. The Cobb–Douglas production function was used to assess the changes of output elasticities as well as technical changes in broiler production, for 5-year sub-periods separately.

3. Technical indices of broiler production significantly improved between years 1994–2013: feed conversion ratio decreased from 2.50 kg/kg to 1.78 kg/kg, mortality rate from 8.8% to 4.0% and daily weight gain increased from 37.1 g/d to 58.7 g/d, respectively.

4. Before accession to the EU, there was a substantial increase of fixed capital connected with modernisation of buildings and equipment. In the period 1994–2013, inputs of fixed capital per kilogram of livestock increased by 72% and at the same time the input of labour decreased by 56%.

5. Technical changes in years 1994–1998 contributed to a rapid production increase at a rate of 4.6% annually and only by up to 0.7% annually during 2009–2013. The slowdown of production rate increase after 2009 was partially caused by decreasing the stocking density.     

我国蔬菜育苗产业现状及发展动态

蔬菜育苗是蔬菜生产中的关键环节之一,不仅可以节约用种量、增加复种指数,而且便于集约化管理,在我国有广阔的市场前景。为此,阐述了我国目前主要的几种育苗方法及相关技术,指出现阶段我国蔬菜育苗产业存在着育苗企业良莠不齐、缺乏规范化管理、育苗方法技术滞后和劳动者技术水平低等问题,并有针对性地提出了解决措施。目前,随着我国农业种植结构的调整,蔬菜育苗产业正向基质低廉化、育苗工厂化、育苗专业化及种苗标准化等方向发展。     

兴隆热带花园生态设计研究与探讨

从热带雨林的恢复、生物多样性的保护及景观格局等多个层面,对兴隆热带花园这一新型热带植物园的生态设计进行分析,以期对生态设计实践有所帮助。     

Diversity and abundance of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) in soil under 90-year potato monoculture in relation to crop rotation

The monoculture cropping system causes significant changes within the soil ecosystem, which constitutes a habitat for soil-dwelling springtails. Focusing on the response of soil fauna to 90 years of potato cultivation in monoculture the study investigates the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling springtails, considering changes in the soil environment in relation to five-crop rotation. Another point was the soil quality evaluation using Collembola as bioindicators (QBS-c index). A long-term monoculture experiment was established in Poland in 1923 and has continued uninterruptedly to the present time. Soil samples were taken over a period of three years (2011–2013) to determine collembolan abundance and composition, as well as physical and chemical soil properties.

The study demonstrated that there were greater numbers of Collembola in the long-term monoculture of potatoes, especially before planting time, compared to numbers in a five-field crop rotation. At the same time apparently greater species diversity was found in potato culture within crop rotation. The biological indicator of soil quality based on the occurrence of springtails (QBS-c) has proved useful in assessing changes in soil caused by agrotechnical activities. This index indicated better biological soil quality in the five-field rotation system compared to monoculture.     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

The effects of various plant protection methods on the development of Zymoseptoria tritici and Cephalosporium gramineum,grain yield and protein profile

Septoria leaf blotch progresses rapidly, leading to the development of Zymoseptoria titici forms resistant to fungicides. Cephalosporium stripe is caused by Cephalosporium gramineum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected pesticides in limiting the symptoms of both diseases on winter wheat leaves, and to determine their influence on grain yield and the content and composition of protein fractions in wheat kernels. Propiconazoles were most effective in inhibiting the development of Septoria leaf blotch (symptoms were reduced from 54.7% to 78.6%). Strobilurins were less effective due to the presence of isolates with the G143A mutation. Symptoms of Cephalosporium stripe were rarely observed, and protective treatments did not reduce their severity. The highest content of grain protein (14.81%) was found in plants most intensely protected with the fungicides containing fenpropimorph, pyraclostrobin and epoxiconazole. The principal component analysis revealed that the plant protection method influenced the grain protein profile. The accumulation of HMW glutenins and α/β gliadins was mutually interrelated and higher in high-input treatments; control grain was characterized by close relationships between ω-gliadins, LMW glutenins, albumins and globulins, whereas low-input treatments influenced mostly γ-gliadins.     

基于两性生命表的以朱砂叶螨为猎物的加州新小绥螨四川种群生长发育、繁殖及捕食率

为全面掌握加州新小绥螨四川种群的种群特征,本试验运用两性生命表开展了以朱砂叶螨为猎物的加州新小绥螨四川种群的生长发育、繁殖与捕食率研究。结果表明,加州新小绥螨四川种群不同发育阶段重叠,在雌成螨产卵期结束前雌成螨特定年龄-阶段存活率S_xj明显高于雄成螨。单位时间（12 h）特定年龄-阶段繁殖力f_x5、特定年龄繁殖力m_x最大值分别为1.74和1.12粒/雌,单雌总产卵量为49.28粒。种群内禀增长率为0.27/d、周限增长率为1.31/d、净增殖率为26.61粒/个体、世代平均周期为12.34 d。在未成熟阶段,加州新小绥螨各螨态特定年龄-阶段捕食率C_xj均呈双峰型,雌成螨和雄成螨捕食率均随时间明显波动。加州新小绥螨取食朱砂叶螨的转化率为4.55、内禀捕食率为0.54、周限捕食率为1.72头。以朱砂叶螨为猎物时,加州新小绥螨四川种群表现出较好的个体发育、种群增长和捕食能力,可作为控制朱砂叶螨的生防资源,值得进一步研究和开发利用;同时朱砂叶螨可作为加州新小绥螨四川种群人工繁殖选择的猎物之一。     

甜樱桃园春季管理技术要点

从果园建立、整形修剪、土肥水管理、花果管理、病虫害防治和预防晚霜危害等方面介绍了甜樱桃园的春季管理要点,为同时做好疫情防控和果园管理提供参考。