Isolation, identification and dyeing studies of betanin on modified acrylic fabrics

Mature red fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica contain two soluble pigment, betanin and indicaxanthin. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to mix 50 g of juice from cactus pears with 100 mL of acidified water as solvent for dye extraction. Two main dyes were purified from the pigment extract by chromatography and identified by UV-vis, HPLC and LC-MS techniques as indicaxanthin (15 mg per 100 g) and betanin (280 mg per 100 g). The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature was studied. The optimal conditions for dyeing modified acrylic fabrics with betanin dye were carried out at 50 °C for 45 min at pH 5. Un-mordanted samples have good properties of water and washing fastness. Mordant CoSO₄ was found to give good light fastness (rating 5).     

Genetic diversity of some Mediterranean populations of the cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) using SSR markers

This species study was to investigate the differentiation level among 26 populations in which 12 are locals originating from the Tunisian South and 14 introduced from Italy, Austerely, France and Morocco with two SSR markers. These highly polymorphic and co dominant markers, together with recent population genetic statistic extended to autotetraploids, offer tools to analyse genetic diversity in alfalfa. The number of alleles per locus varied between 8 and 9. The genetic similarity between these various populations is estimated by the index of Rogers and Tanimoto. Genetic diversity is analysed by two statistical procedures: Hierarchical classification and Correspondence Factorial Analysis (CFA). Four large groups were obtained.     

Direct link between mhc polymorphism,T cell avidity,and diversity in immune defense

Major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-encoded molecules govern immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to T cells. The extensive polymorphism of genes encoding these molecules is believed to enhance immune defense by broadening the array of antigenic peptides available for T cell recognition, but direct evidence supporting the importance of this mechanism in combating pathogens is limited. Here we link mhc polymorphism-driven diversification of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) repertoire to the generation of high-avidity, protective antiviral T cells and to superior antiviral defense. Thus, much of the beneficial effect of the mhc polymorphism in immune defense may be due to its critical influence on the properties of the selected CTL repertoire.     

Dyeing properties and colour fastness of wool dyed with indicaxanthin natural dye

This research work involves the dyeing of wool with indicaxanthin, a natural dye extracted from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to mix 50 g of Juice from cactus pears with 100 mL of 80% aqueous ethanol as solvent for dye extraction. Liquid chromatography was applied for the separation. Two main dyes were obtained, which were identified as indicaxanthin (75 mg per 50 g) and betanin (5 mg per 50 g). The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature were studied. The optimal conditions for wool dyeing with indicaxanthin dye were carried out at 70 °C for 90 min with the pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordant. The colour yields of the dye on the wool were found to be highly dependent of the pH, optimum results being obtained at pH 4. The K/S of wool increased in the order of the dyeing using KAl (SO₄)₂ > MnSO₄ > CoSO₄ > FeSO₄ > none > ZnSO₄ > CuSO₄. Un-mordanted samples have good properties of water and washing fastness. Mordants KAl (SO₄)₂ and CoSO₄ were found to give good light fastness (rating 5).     

Integrative identification and molecular phylogeny of dagger and needle nematodes associated with cultivated olive in Tunisia

The occurrence and geographic distribution of longidorid nematode species inhabiting the rhizosphere of cultivated olive (cvs. Chemlali and Chétoui) in Tunisia were investigated. Morphological and morphometrical studies identified three Longidorus and six Xiphinema species, with frequencies of prevalence as following: Longidorus africanus (23.0 %), L. euonymus (4.5 %), L. glycines (13.7 %), Xiphinema conurum (13.7 %), X. italiae (36.4 %), X. meridianum (13.7 %), X. pachtaicum (18.2 %), X. robbinsi (9.1 %), and Xiphinema sp. (4.5 %). The three Longidorus species were reported for the first time in Tunisia, in addition to two species of Xiphinema (viz. X. meridianum and X. robbinsi). Molecular characterisation using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA and ITS1-rRNA was carried out and Bayesian inference analysis was used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these species and with other longidorids. Twenty-five new D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene sequences were obtained in the present study, seven for Longidorus and 18 for Xiphinema spp., as well as 14 new ITS1 rRNA gene sequences (seven for Longidorus and seven for Xiphinema spp.).     

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus oleae n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) parasitizing wild and cultivated olives in Spain and Tunisia

A new mono-sexual root-lesion nematode species, Pratylenchus oleae n. sp., parasitizing roots of olive plants cv. Koroneiki in commercial fields at Ouled Chamekh (central Tunisia), and wild and cultivated olive (cv. Picual) plants in Agua Amarga (southern Spain) is described. The new species is characterised by the female having a lip region slightly offset and bearing three annuli, stylet 16.5 (14.5-17.0) μm long, with prominent rounded knobs, pharyngeal overlapping rather long (22–36) μm, lateral fields areolated and with four incisures and diagonal lines in middle band, spermatheca rounded but non-functional, tail short, conoid-rounded to subcylindrical, usually annulated terminus, males unknown, and a specific D2-D3, ITS1, 18S-rRNA, hsp90 and COI sequences. Morphologically this species is related to P. cruciferus, P. delattrei, and P. kumamotoensis. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S, partial 18S and ITS rRNA genes confirmed the close relationship of P. oleae n. sp. with P. dunensis, P. penetrans, P. pinguicaudatus, from which was clearly separated. A PCR-based diagnostic assay was also developed for identification of P. oleae n. sp. using the species-specific primers Poleae_fw1_4 and Poleae_rv1 that amplify a 547-bp fragment in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region of ribosomal DNA, which clearly separate from other root-lesion nematodes damaging olive such as P. penetrans and P. vulnus.     

Effect of altering the steric hindrance of the nitrogen atom in 2,5-bis(pyridin-n-yl)-1,3,4 thiadiazole isomers on their ability to elicit tomato defense responses against Verticillium wilt and crown gall diseases

Three isomers of the ligand 2,5-bis(pyridinyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, with the N atom of pyridine group in position 2, 3 or 4, named respectively, L2, L3 and L4 were compared for their use as plant defense activators. They were examined for their ability to protect tomato plants from Verticillium dahliae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the greenhouse, to induce reactive oxygen species and to activate plant defenses, including antioxidant enzymes. The three ligand isomers exhibited in vitro only slight inhibition of radial growth of V. dahliae, while no significant inhibition was observed for phytopathogenic bacteria. In the greenhouse, the three ligand isomers statistically reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt and crown gall on tomato plants, and the isomers L3 and L4 were the most efficient to control Verticillium wilt. This superiority was reflected in their differential ability to activate H₂O₂ accumulation, antioxidant enzymes including catalase and ascorbate peroxidase and other defense-related enzymes such as guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. These results demonstrated that the presence of the N atom within the two pyridinyl groups in the position 3 or 4 highly enhanced the activity of plant defense and antioxidant responses as well as their ability to reduce the severity of symptoms caused by V. dahliae on tomato.     

Genetic diversity of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus isolates from Tunisian grapevine germplasm

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) is one of the most widespread grapevine viruses and is transmitted mainly by grafting. GRSPaV presence was tested in 487 samples representative of the Tunisian grapevine germplasm (including autochthonous, table, wine, wild grape, and rootstock varieties) from different Tunisian regions. GRSPaV infection was detected in 51.3% of samples from different Tunisian regions, among which the table grapevine cultivars were the most commonly infected (68.7%). Genetic variability of GRSPaV isolates from wild and cultivated grapevines was assessed by sequencing the partial capsid protein (CP) gene of 19 Tunisian isolates and 1 Italian GRSPaV isolate from Sicily, and the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of 13 Tunisian GRSPaV isolates. According to phylogenetic analysis of CP nucleotide sequences obtained in this study and sequences retrieved from GenBank, Tunisian isolates fell into four phylogenetic groups already described (I, II, III, and IV) and two new phylogenetic groups (VI and VIII). Phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp gene revealed that Tunisian isolates of GRSPaV are distributed into four phylogroups. This study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of GRSPaV infections in Tunisia, with special regard to those grapevine accessions employed in conservation and selection programmes. In particular, the presence of new GRSPaV genetic variants and infection of wild grapevines must be taken into account in order to choose a correct control strategy.     

牡丹果荚基多孔碳材料对水中四环素的吸附

为解决牡丹果荚废弃物焚烧处理造成的环境污染及资源浪费问题,并进一步实现废弃物资源化利用,本文以生物质废弃物牡丹果荚为碳源,KHCO₃为活化剂,且牡丹果荚与活化剂质量比为1∶3,经一步活化法800 ℃煅烧2 h制备出孔结构发达的牡丹果荚基多孔碳（PC-800-3）材料吸附水中四环素。通过调控活化温度、牡丹果荚/KHCO₃质量比,得到的最佳产物 PC-800-3较直接热解的牡丹果荚基多孔碳（PC）比表面积增加60倍,298 K下对100 mg·L^-1四环素溶液的最大吸附量为394.3 mg·g^-1。通过比表面积孔径分析、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射等对PC与PC-800-3进行表征,结果显示活化剂的加入促进了多孔碳中微孔与介孔的生成。选择PC-800-3进行后续吸附实验,吸附等温线和吸附动力学拟合结果表明吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型和拟二级动力学模型,热力学实验证实吸附为自发吸热过程,以单分子层物理吸附为主,存在静电相互作用。所制备的PC-800-3材料在较宽pH范围内和离子干扰下的吸附性能良好。再生实验表明,PC-800-3具有良好的重复利用性能。因此,将牡丹果荚转化为多孔碳制备性能优异的吸附剂,在解决水环境中抗生素污染问题的同时拓宽了其应用范围,进一步实现了废弃生物质的资源化利用。