塔吉克斯坦百年降水量时空变化特征

利用塔吉克斯坦百年逐月降水资料,以线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall法、小波分析法以及ArcGIS地统计模块普通Kriging插值法对降水量的时空变化进行了分析.结果表明:过去百年,塔吉克斯坦年总降水量和四季降水量都呈增加趋势并有明显的变化周期;除夏季以外,春季、秋季、冬季平均降水量以及年降水都发生显著性的突变;空间变化上,在1901-2011年,塔吉克斯坦年平均降水总体上呈从西南和东部向中部递增的特征,其中1901-1930年处于少雨期;1931-1960年和1991-2011年处于多雨期.     

Babesia bigemina: attenuation of an Uzbek isolate for immunization of cattle with live calf- or culture-derived parasites

The virulence of an Uzbek isolate of Babesia bigemina, obtained from infected Boophilus annulatus ticks from an endemic area in Uzbekistan, was attenuated for immunization of cattle with autochthonous calf- or culture-derived parasites in Uzbekistan. After four "slow passages" in vivo the virulence was reduced, as evidenced by the response of calves inoculated with an experimental live frozen vaccine produced from the following passage. The vaccine was safe and protective against homologous virulent challenge under laboratory conditions. The culture-derived experimental vaccine was produced from cultures initiated after 3 passages in vivo followed by 22 passages in vitro. The cultured parasites did not elicit any clinical sign, but inoculated calves seroconverted following vaccination and were protected against the virulent homologous challenge. Both calf- and culture-derived vaccines were safe for cattle grazing in an endemic area in Uzbekistan. Despite the high polymorphism of B. bigemina, as reported from various geographical regions, the Central Asian strain was attenuated similarly to those that form the basis of the existing live B. bigemina vaccines in other parts of the world.     

石河子地区冬小麦生育期需水量变化特征及其气候成因

[目的]探究作物生育期需水量的变化趋势及其与气象因子的关系,为气候变化下农作物灌溉排水决策提供理论基础。[方法]基于联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的参考作物蒸散计算方法和相关作物系数,利用石河子地区1954—2012年逐日气温、降水、日照时数、风速、相对湿度等资料,计算石河子地区冬小麦近59a作物需水量和灌溉需水量,并探究其气候趋势变化的影响。[结果](1)过去50a,石河子垦区冬小麦需水量总体呈增加趋势,越冬—返青期增势最为明显(气候倾向率为2.65mm/10a);拔节—抽穗期冬小麦需水量最大,为130.23mm。(2)灌溉需水量总体呈减少趋势,其中拔节—抽穗期灌溉需水量最大(平均值为88.65mm)且减少趋势最为明显(气候倾向率为-3.11mm/10a)。(3)气象因子对冬小麦不同生育期的需水量和灌溉需水量有很强的相关性,其中冬小麦生育后期需水量与气象因子有极强的相关性;气象因子中,降水对于灌溉需水量影响最大。[结论]气候变化下,石河子地区冬小麦作物需水量呈增加趋势,但降雨量的增加趋势下,灌溉需水量总体呈减少趋势。     

Cover crop and tillage effects on soil enzyme activities following tomato

Increasing numbers of vegetable growers are adopting conservation tillage practices and including cover crops into crop rotations. The practice helps to increase or maintain an adequate level of soil organic matter and improves vegetable yields. The effects of the practices, however, on enzyme activities in southeastern soils of the United States have not been well documented. Thus, the objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of cover crops and two tillage systems on soil enzyme activity profiles following tomato and to establish relationships between enzyme activities and soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). The cover crops planted late in fall 2005 included black oat (Avena strigosa), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), or crimson clover–black oat mixed. A weed control (no cover crop) was also included. Early in spring 2006, the plots were disk plowed and incorporated into soil (conventional tillage) or mowed and left on the soil surface (no-till). Broiler litter as source of N fertilizer was applied at a rate of 4.6 Mg ha⁻¹, triple super phosphate at 79.0 kg P ha⁻¹, and potassium chloride at 100 kg K ha⁻¹ were also applied according to soil testing recommendations. Tomato seedlings were transplanted and grown for 60 days on a Marvyn sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults). Ninety-six core soil samples were collected at incremental depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm) and passed through a 2-mm sieve and kept moist to study arylamidase (EC 3.4.11.2), l-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1), l-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activities. Tillage systems affected only l-glutaminase activity in soil while cover crops affected activities of all the enzymes studied with the exception of urease. The research clearly demonstrated that in till and no-till systems, l-asparaginase activity is greater (P ≤ 0.05) in plots preceded by crimson clover than in those preceded by black oat or their mixture. Activity of the enzyme decreased from 11.7 mg NH₄⁺–N kg⁻¹ 2 h⁻¹ at 0–5 cm depth to 8.73 mg NH₄⁺–N kg⁻¹ 2 h⁻¹ at 5–10 cm and 10–15 cm depths in the no-till crimson clover plots. Arylamidase activity significantly correlated with soil organic C (r = 0.699**) and soil organic N (r = 0.764***). Amidohydrolases activities significantly correlated with soil organic N but only urease significantly correlated with soil organic C (r = 0.481*). These results indicated that incorporation of cover crops into rotations may increase enzyme activities in soils.     

阿勒泰地区参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征

基于阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2012年逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算了逐日参考作物蒸散量,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、小波分析法,并结合ArcGIS软件对作物参考蒸散量的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:阿勒泰年和春季作物参考蒸散量呈增加趋势,而夏季、秋季和冬季作物参考蒸散量呈减少趋势。年和夏季的作物参考蒸散量分别在1994年、1992年发生突变,而春季、秋季和冬季的作物参考蒸散量则没有发生突变。年和四季的作物参考蒸散量都存在27 a的周期。空间分布上,年、春季、夏季和秋季的平均作物参考蒸散量呈自阿勒泰市南部和福海县西北部向东部、南部和西部逐渐递减的变化趋势。而冬季作物潜在蒸散量大致呈现自西向东逐渐递减。变化趋势上,春季潜在蒸散量在空间上都呈增加趋势,而年、夏季、秋季和冬季的潜在蒸散量在阿勒泰的东部呈增加趋势,在西部则呈减少趋势。     

Proteolytic enzyme activity and attenuation of virulence in Theileria annulata schizont-infected cells

A field isolate of Theileria annulata (Uzbek strain) was obtained from calves infected by Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from an endemic region in Uzbekistan. Schizont-infected bovine cells that had been established and propagated in cell culture were examined for attenuation both in vivo, by inoculating cells from various passages into calves, and in vitro for metalloproteinase activity. During serial subcultivation a gradual reduction in virulence and in enzyme activity in cells infected with the Uzbek strain were observed. Complete attenuation of the Uzbek isolate was obtained at about passage 80, and only traces of proteolysis were detected in gelatin substrate gels. In contrast, there was no direct correlation between virulence and enzyme levels in an Israeli strain. While schizonts of the Israeli strain were completely attenuated at passage 80, proteolysis in the substrate gels was detected up to passage 197. Solid immunity was observed in calves immunized with attenuated T. annulata schizonts of the Uzbek strain upon challenge with the homologous H. excavatum sporozoites. For a strain to be used for vaccine production, it appears that animal inoculation still remains the most reliable method to assess the degree of attenuation and protection.