Resistance to common insecticides and mechanisms of resistance in Aphis pomi de Geer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in apple orchards in Turkey

Phytoparasitica - The Green apple aphid, Aphis pomi de Geer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most common and serious insect pests of apple orchards in Turkey. This species feeds on succulent...     

Dimensional and physical properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 bamboo/cotton blended yarns

In this study, the dimensional and some physical properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 bamboo/cotton blended yarns are investigated. In order to see the differences and similarities, the results are then compared with those for similar fabrics knitted from 50/50 conventional viscose/cotton and 50/50 modal/cotton blended yarns. Each fabric type was produced with three different stitch lengths. After all fabrics were dyed under identical dyeing conditions, they were subjected to dry and full relaxation treatments. For dimensional properties of fabrics, course, wale and stitch densities were measured. Then, by calculating statistically best-fit lines passing both through the experimental points and the origin, dimensional constants i.e. k values were predicted in terms of the fiber types. The result show that each fabric type knitted from bamboo/cotton, viscose/cotton and modal/cotton blended yarns behaves in a similar manner. However, in both dry and fully relaxed states, the modal/cotton knitted fabrics tend to have slightly higher k values than the bamboo/cotton and viscose/cotton knitted fabrics. For physical properties, fabric weight per unit area, thickness, bursting strength, air permeability and pilling were evaluated. The results show that the weight, thickness and air permeability values are independent of the fiber type. Plain knitted fabrics from modal/cotton blended yarns have the highest bursting strength values. Plain knitted fabrics from bamboo/cotton blended yarns tend to pill less.     

Dimensional,physical and thermal comfort properties of plain knitted fabrics made from modal viscose yarns having microfibers and conventional fibers

The dimensional, some physical and thermal comfort properties of the plain knitted fabrics having modal viscose microfibers in three different stitch lengths are investigated in comparison with the similar fabrics having conventional modal viscose fibers. The fabrics made from microfibers and conventional fibers exhibit different dimensional properties. The stitch density results and the dimensional constants calculated at the fully relaxed state reveal that the fabrics with microfibers tend to have lower shrinkage tendency than those with conventional fibers. The statistical results show that the fiber type (or fiber fineness) and the stitch length affect the some physical properties and all of the thermal comfort properties of the fabrics significantly. The bursting strength values of the fabrics with microfibers are observed to be slightly higher than those of the fabrics with conventional fibers. However, the difference between the bursting strength values of these fabrics is found to be statistically unimportant. The fabrics with microfibers reveal lower thickness and air permeability and, higher pilling tendency than those with conventional fibers. It is also observed from the thermal comfort results that the fabrics made from microfibers have higher thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity and maximum heat flux values and, lower thermal resistance and thermal diffusivity values. Because of the higher thermal absorptivity and maximum heat flux values, the fabrics from microfibers provide cooler feeling when compared with those from conventional fibers.     

Dimensional,physical and thermal properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 blend of modal viscose fiber in microfiber form with cotton fiber

In this study, the dimensional, physical and thermal comfort properties of the plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 blend of modal viscose fiber in microfiber form with cotton fiber are compared with those of the similar fabrics made from 50/50 blend of conventional modal viscose fiber with cotton fiber and made from 100 % cotton fiber. All the fabric types are produced in three different stitch lengths. The slight differences among the fabric types are observed in terms of the stitch density results and the dimensional constants calculated in the fully relaxed state. In the fully relaxed state, the dimensional K values of the modal microfiber blended knitted fabrics are found to be more closely resemble those of the cotton fabrics rather than those of the conventional modal fiber blended fabrics. The lowest fabric thickness and bursting strength results are obtained for the modal microfiber blended fabrics. The modal microfiber blended fabrics reveal lower air permeability than the conventional modal fiber blended fabrics and higher air permeability than the cotton fabrics. It is also observed from the thermal comfort results that the modal microfiber blended fabrics have the lowest thermal resistance and the highest thermal absoptivity values. The thermal conductivity results of the modal microfiber blended fabrics are lower than those of the cotton fabrics and higher than those of the conventional modal fiber blended fabrics. Because of the highest thermal absorptivity values, the modal microfiber blended fabrics provide the coolest feeling when compared with the other two fabric types.