The Effect of Spraying Concentrated Biogas on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Cotton Seedling

[Objective] The effect of concentrated biogas slurry on growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings was studied in this experiment, and theoretical basis for the rational application of concentrated biogas slurry was provided. [Method] Potted cotton seedlings was sprayed by five different dosages of concentrated biogas slurry, the impact of different spraying quantity (163 mL·hm^－2, 326 mL·hm^－2, 489 mL·hm^－2, 668 mL·hm^－2, 815 mL·hm^－2) after spraying time (after spraying 2nd day, 4th day, 6th day) on cotton seedlings growth and physiological indexes were studied. [Results] The results showed that the suitable quantity of spraying of concentrated biogas slurry had promoting effect to the cotton growth and development, the excess concentrated biogas slurry could inhibit the growth of cotton seedlings. The plant height, dry weight per plant and leaf area of spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing are the highest, the average of two batches on the 6th day after spraying are 21.15%, 35.95%, 18.84% higher than CK, respectively. Spraying concentrated biogas slurry can improve cotton seedlings chlorophyll content, soluble sugar contents, soluble protein content. Spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing is the highest in both batches, the average of two batches is 18.84%, 24.03%, 3.16% higher than CK, respectively. The result of concentrated biogas slurry onseedlings leaves took effect quickly, especially in 0～4th days. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the suitable amount of concentrated biogas slurry has a positive effect on the growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings, which is beneficial to the formation of strong seedlings of cotton and provides the basis for the later growth of cotton.     

不同赛道维护方式对1 600 m速度赛伊犁马步态特征和比赛成绩的影响

【目的】研究不同赛道维护方式对伊犁马步态特征、比赛成绩的影响,为伊犁马选种选育和赛道维护提供依据。【方法】以8匹伊犁马公马为研究对象,设计1 600 m途程比赛。用高速摄像机记录伊犁马在不同赛道维护方式下直道、弯道、终点的步态特征的视频素材,终点计时系统记录马匹比赛成绩,分析不同赛道维护方式下伊犁马各赛段步态特征、比赛成绩的差异性。【结果】直道阶段,前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组极显著低于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);步频压实组极显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);双支撑相步幅、总步幅、最大开张角度压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),显著高于普通组(P<0.05)。弯道阶段,后位后蹄支撑相、后肢间隔期、前位后蹄支撑相、后位前蹄支撑相、对角双支撑相、前肢间隔期、前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组均极显著低于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);腾空期、步频压实组极显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);腾空期步幅压实组显著高于普通组步幅(P<0.05);最大开张角度压实组显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.05)。终点阶段,后肢间隔期、前位后蹄支撑相、前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组显著低于耙地组(P<0.05);步频压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);后肢步幅压实组显著高于普通组(P<0.05);双支撑相步幅压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);最大开张角度压实组显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.05)。【结论】压实组马匹步幅、步频较大,比赛成绩最好,赛道状况的差异会导致运动性能的差异。在选种选育,评价马匹运动性能过程中应考虑赛道状况,以提高个体选择准确性。     

Seawater sulfur isotope fluctuations in the Cretaceous

The exogenic sulfur cycle is tightly coupled with the carbon and oxygen cycles, and therefore a central component of Earth's biogeochemistry. Here we present a high-resolution record of the sulfur isotopic composition of seawater sulfate for the Cretaceous. The general enrichment of isotopically light sulfur that prevailed during the Cretaceous may have been due to increased volcanic and hydrothermal activity. Two excursions toward isotopically lighter sulfur represent periods of lower rates of pyrite burial, implying a shift in the location of organic carbon burial to terrestrial or open-ocean settings. The concurrent changes in seawater sulfur and inorganic carbon isotopic compositions imply short-term variability in atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.     

Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Bilberry, Blackberry and Mulberry Ultrasonic Extracts on Diabetic Rats

Small fruits like bilberry, blackberry and mulberry are rich sources of anthocyanins and other phenols, compounds with a certified antioxidant activity and spectacular effects in some chronic diseases. Romanian bilberry, blackberry and mulberry extracts were tested as anti-hyperglycemic agents on diabetic rats. Anthocyanins extraction was carried out with 80 % acidified ethanol in ultrasonically conditions at 23?±?2 °C and 40 kHz. Monomeric anthocyanins content was determined by pH differential method and varied between 1200 and 2800 mg/L. The analyses of anthocyanins were achieved using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Phenolics content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and values varied between 2320 and 4250 mg/L gallic acid. Antioxidant activities of extracts were estimated by DPPH scavenging method and the values varied between 8 and 16 miliequivalents Trolox. In order to evaluate the toxicology of the extracts, the heavy metals concentration and pesticides content were analyzed. The extracts were administrated to diabetic rats in drinking water for five weeks. The administration of bilberry extract offered no satisfactory results. Treatment with blackberry extract determined a significant decrease of glucose level from 360 to about 270 mg/dL (p?<?0.05). The mulberry extract administration determined a significant decrease of glucose level from 252 mg/dL at the start day to 155 mg/dL at the final of experiment (p?<?0.05).     

Mercerization mediated modification of cellulosic fibers with NIPAAm and some compounds with antioxidant activity

A two step process was used for the modification of a cellulose/chitin mixed fibers: the first step was an alkali treatment with a NaOH solution (20 %), which was followed by the reaction with one of the reagents such as Nisopropylacrylamide, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, or eugenol. Both the samples activated with the alkali treatment and modified with chemicals were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. Results revealed the morphological and structural changes of the fiber surface after the surface grafting, which significantly altered the cellulose/chitin mixed fiber properties. Thermal analysis results showed an increase in the thermal stability of the treated samples. Antioxidant activity of cellulose/chitin mixed fibers modified with phenolic compounds showed that the efficiency depends on the chemical nature of phenolic compound.     

No evidence for enzootic plague within black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) populations

Yersinia pestis, causative agent of plague, occurs throughout the western United States in rodent populations and periodically causes epizootics in susceptible species, including black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). How Y. pestis persists long-term in the environment between these epizootics is poorly understood but multiple mechanisms have been proposed, including, among others, a separate enzootic transmission cycle that maintains Y. pestis without involvement of epizootic hosts and persistence of Y. pestis within epizootic host populations without causing high mortality within those populations. We live-trapped and collected fleas from black-tailed prairie dogs and other mammal species from sites with and without black-tailed prairie dogs in 2004 and 2005 and tested all fleas for presence of Y. pestis. Y. pestis was not detected in 2126 fleas collected in 2004 but was detected in 294 fleas collected from multiple sites in 2005, before and during a widespread epizootic that drastically reduced black-tailed prairie dog populations in the affected colonies. Temporal and spatial patterns of Y. pestis occurrence in fleas and genotyping of Y. pestis present in some infected fleas suggest Y. pestis was introduced multiple times from sources outside the study area and once introduced, was dispersed between several sites. We conclude Y. pestis likely was not present in these black-tailed prairie dog colonies prior to epizootic activity in these colonies. Although we did not identify likely enzootic hosts, we found evidence that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) may serve as bridging hosts for Y. pestis between unknown enzootic hosts and black-tailed prairie dogs.     

Reduced Plant Uptake of 137Cs Grown in Illite-amended Sediments

Trace metal levels in the otoliths of the juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta were examined by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Life history transect analyses showed that all otoliths had a central region with low Zn/Ca ratios (mean, 0.35–0.68 × 10^?4), and thereafter the ratios increased abruptly in the freshwater growth zone (mean: 1.72–1.90 × 10^?4) toward the edge of otolith. In regard to otolith Sr/Ca ratios, all specimens showed slightly higher values in the otolith core region, and thereafter the ratios showed constant values or values that decreased gradually toward the edge of the otolith in the freshwater growth zone (mean, 3.33–4.58 × 10^?3). An abrupt increase was found in some specimens to 5–7 × 10^?3 in the maximum levels around the otolith edge. The relationship between Sr/Ca and Zn/Ca ratios at each ablation in otoliths in both juvenile and adult salmons showed a significant correlation. Otolith Zn/Ca and Sr/Ca ratio patterns were seen to reflect the levels in ambient water environment. Thus, these findings indicate that Zn, like Sr, in teleost otoliths is an excellent tracer for reconstructing the ambient aquatic environmental conditions which individual fish have experienced.