Stimulation of the titre of a sheep serum factor that is related to the sheep complement system

Serum from most sheep subjected to a single jugular bleeding, repeated bleeding or an intraperitoneal injection of yeast and repeated bleeding, showed an increase in the titre of a serum component called serum factor. Serum factor reached a peak titre 2 to 5 days after treatment started. For some sheep, the titre was elevated for a 9- to 12-day period whereas for others the titre dropped markedly on day 7 followed by a rise on day 9. Serum factor reacts with sheep erythrocytes sensitised with rabbit antibody (sheep E-rabbit A). Serum factor can be detected on sheep E-rabbit A using guinea-pig antiserum that reacts with sheep complement (C). Serum factor is inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, but is only partially inactivated at 50 degrees C for 30 minutes. The reaction of serum factor with sheep E-rabbit A is inhibited by chelators of Ca++ and/or Mg++. Serum factor appears to be related to the sheep C system. Preliminary results suggest it may he a component of the classical pathway of sheep C, possibly the second component, C2.     

Disturbance‐induced responses of VHF and satellite tagged harbour seals

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Depletion study and estimation of withdrawal periods for florfenicol and florfenicol amine in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

The intensive production of farmed fish is at a global all‐time high, and the control of bacteria proliferation in fish farms requires the frequent use of antimicrobials. This practice raises important environmental concerns related to the emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria strains. Only a few antimicrobial drugs have been approved for use in aquaculture, one of which is florfenicol. This work studies the depletion and withdrawal period of florfenicol and its main metabolite, florfenicol amine, in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a neotropical characin widely farmed in the southern hemisphere. Juvenile pacu (average weight of 724 g) were stocked in a closed‐loop laboratory system with controlled water temperature (25.8°C), and were fed for 10 consecutive days with a diet containing an intended dose of 10 mg/florfenicol per kg bw. Muscle and skin tissues were collected at 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 days post‐treatment, and florfenicol and florfenicol amine were quantified using a validated ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method. The limits of quantitation for florfenicol and florfenicol amine were 10 ng/g in muscle and 50 ng/g in skin. Considering a maximum residue limit of 1000 ng/g for the sum of florfenicol and florfenicol amine in muscle with skin in natural proportions a withdrawal period of 5 days (water temperature 25.8°C) or 129 degree days was calculated on the basis of the upper limit of the one‐sided 95% confidence interval for the 99^th percentile derived from the residue depletion study.     

Identification of resistant germplasm containing novel resistance genes at or tightly linked to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pi2/9</Emphasis> locus conferring broad-spectrum resistance against rice blast

Background

The rice Pi2/9 locus harbors multiple resistance (R) genes each controlling broad-spectrum resistance against diverse isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, a fungal pathogen causing devastating blast disease to rice. Identification of more resistance germplasm containing novel R genes at or tightly linked to the Pi2/9 locus would promote breeding of resistance rice cultivars.

Results

In this study, we aim to identify resistant germplasm containing novel R genes at or tightly linked to the Pi2/9 locus using a molecular marker, designated as Pi2/9-RH (Pi2/9 resistant haplotype), developed from the 5′ portion of the Pi2 sequence which was conserved only in the rice lines containing functional Pi2/9 alleles. DNA analysis using Pi2/9-RH identified 24 positive lines in 55 shortlisted landraces which showed resistance to 4 rice blast isolates. Analysis of partial sequences of the full-length cDNAs of Pi2/9 homologues resulted in the clustering of these 24 lines into 5 haplotypes each containing different Pi2/9 homologues which were designated as Pi2/9-A5, ?A15, ?A42, ?A53, and -A54. Interestingly, Pi2/9-A5 and Pi2/9-A54 are identical to Piz-t and Pi2, respectively. To validate the association of other three novel Pi2/9 homologues with the blast resistance, monogenic lines at BC₃F₃ generation were generated by marker assisted backcrossing (MABC). Resistance assessment of the derived monogenic lines in both the greenhouse and the field hotspot indicated that they all controlled broad-spectrum resistance against rice blast. Moreover, genetic analysis revealed that the blast resistance of these three monogenic lines was co-segregated with Pi2/9-RH, suggesting that the Pi2/9 locus or tightly linked loci could be responsible for the resistance.

Conclusion

The newly developed marker Pi2/9-RH could be used as a potentially diagnostic marker for the quick identification of resistant donors containing functional Pi2/9 alleles or unknown linked R genes. The three new monogenic lines containing the Pi2/9 introgression segment could be used as valuable materials for disease assessment and resistance donors in breeding program.

     

Observations on the variation in content of rhodanidogenic glucosides in some brassica fodder crops

Summary Using the colorimetric method ofAldridge samples of vegetative parts ofBrassica oleracea var.acephala (kale),B. campestris (turnip rape) andB. napus (rape) were analysed for content of rhodanidogenic glucosides. The number of varieties examined of each species was 9, 2 and 4 respectively. The kale was harvested 5 times, the rape and turnip rape 3 times at fourtheen day intervals; the last harvest occurring at a stage of development found most commonly in practice. At the harvest the kale and rape plants were divided into stems and leaves. In some cases the petioles and the laminas were separated before analysis.The mean rhodanid values for kale were significantly higher than for rape. The most striking difference between the species was, however, that in kale the rhodanid content was much higher in the leaves than in the stems. Also in rape the highest rhodanid content was in the laminas but the content here was much lower than that in kale.In the kale material there was significant variation between the varieties. No significant varietal differences were found in rape and turnip rape in the material examined. If the rhodanid content was calculated on a basis of fresh weight there was no general difference between the development stages in any of the species.

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Zusammenfassung Proben von den vegetativen Teilen vonBrassica oleracea var.acephala (Futterkohl),B. campestris (Rübsen) undB. napus (Raps) wurden nach der kolorimetrischen Methode vonAldridge auf ihren Gehalt an rhodanidogenen Glucosiden analysiert. Von den drei Arten wurden vom Futterkohl 9, von Rübsen 2 und vom Raps 4 Sorten untersucht. Der Futterkohl wurde fünfmal, der Raps und die Rübsen nur dreimal geerntet. Die Zeit zwischen den Ernten betrug zwei Wochen. Die letzte Ernte erfolgte zu derselben Zeit, wie sie in der Praxis üblich ist. Nach der Ernte wurden Futterkohl und Raps in Stämme und Blätter zerlegt. Bei einigen Proben wurden die Blätter in Mittelrippen und Blattspreiten getrennt.Die Mittelwerte des Rhodanidgehaltes im Futterkohl waren höher als im Raps, der Unterschied war statistisch nachweisbar. Im Futterkohl war der Gehalt an Rhodanid in den Blättern viel höher als in den Stämmen. Der Kohl hatte den höchsten Rhodanidgehalt in den Blattspreiten. Der Raps hingegen wies keine so großen Unterschiede auf.In dem Kohlmaterial wurden Differenzen zwischen den Sorten statistisch festgestellt. Im Material von Raps und Rübsen wurden keine besonderen Sortendifferenzen gefunden. Als der Rhodanidgehalt in bezug auf Frischgewicht berechnet wurde, konnte keine allgemeine Differenz zwischen den Erntezeiten bei den einzelnen Arten gefunden werden.

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Résumé Il est connu depuis quelques années que les plantes du genreBrassica contiennent dans leurs parties chlorophylliennes et leurs racines les glucosides à sulfocyanate glucobrassicine et néoglucobrassicine. Lorsque les parois cellulaires sont déchirées, les glucosides entrent en contact avec l'enzyme myrosinase, qui catalyse la scission des glucosides en glucose, sulfate, et le stade intermédiaire hypothétique isosulfocyanate. Les isosulfocyanates hypothétiques sont elivés par une réaction secondaire en ion sulfocyanure et en dérivé indolique. Ainsi, lorsque la récolte contenant ces glucosides est utilisée comme fourrage, des sulfocyanures sont mis en liberté. Comme ces ions empêchent notoirement l'accumulation de l'iode dans la glande thyroïde, ils contribuent à la formation de goître.En Suède, on s'intéresse de plus en plus à utiliser comme aliment du bétail du chou moeillier et du colza fourrager. Des cas de maladie ont été décrits sur des vaches qui avaient été nourries avec de grandes quantités deBrassica; il est donc intéressant de rechercher les variations du taux de glucosides à sulfocyanates dans ces plantes fourragères. Si l'on peut trouver d'importantes différences qui soient héréditaires, il y a quelque espoir de diminuer, par sélection, les taux de glucosides.Le travail a débuté en 1964 par l'analyse des glucosides à sulfocyanates, afin de mettre en évidence les différences entre espèces, variétés, éléments morphologiques et stades de développement de la plante. Trois espèces ont été étudiées:Brassica oleracea (var.acephala),B. campestris etB. napus. Cette dernière espèc eest une allopolyploïde des deux premières. De ces espèces ont été étudiées 9, 2, 4 variétés. Le chou moeillier a fait l'objet de 5 récoltes, le colza et le rutabaga de 3, à quinze jours d'intervalle; la dernière récolte a été faite à l'époque normale. Après la récolte, tige et feuilles ont été séparées, à l'exception des rutabagas, qui, dans les variétés d'hiver semées au printemps ne forment pas de tiges. Chez certains échantillons, les racines ont été étudiées; dans certains cas les pétioles ont été séparés des limbes. Le dosage du sulfocyanure a été fait selon la méthode d'Aldridge.Les taux moyens de sulfocyanure du chou moellier sont significativement plus élevés que ceux du colza. La principale différence entre espèces fut que les feuilles du chou moeillier sont nettement plus riches en sulfocyanures que la tige. Dans le colza les limbes ont de même montré le taux le plus élevé, mais cependant nettement moins élevé que chez le chou moellier.Les diverses variétés de chou moeillier ont montré des différences significatives. De pareilles différences n'ont pas été trouvées entre les variétés de colza et de rutabagas. Si l'on rapporte le taux de sulfocyanure au poids frais, il n'y a aucune différence, pour une même variété, entre les divers stades de développement.

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Paper read in Lund, Sweden (EUCARPIA-CIQ Congress, 14th to 17th July 1965) on 17/7/1965.     

Cardiac output measured by lithium dilution, thermodilution, and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in anesthetized horses

OBJECTIVE: To assess the suitability of lithium dilution as a method for measuring cardiac output in anesthetized horses, compared with thermodilution and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. ANIMALS: 6 horses (3 Thoroughbreds, 3 crossbreeds). PROCEDURE: Cardiac output was measured in 6 anesthetized horses as lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO), thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO), and transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic cardiac output (DopplerCO). For the LiDCO measurements, lithium chloride was administered i.v., and cardiac output was derived from the arterial lithium dilution curve. Sodium nitroprusside, phenylephrine hydrochloride, and dobutamine hydrochloride were used to alter cardiac output. Experiments were divided into 4 periods. During each period, 3 LiDCO measurements, 3 DopplerCO measurements, and 3 sets of 3 TDCO measurements were obtained. RESULTS: 70 comparisons were made between LiDCO, DopplerCO, and triplicate TDCO measurements over a range of 10 to 43 L/min. The mean (+/- SD) of the differences of LiDCO - TDCO was -0.86 +/- 2.80 L/min; LiDCO = -1.90 + 1.05 TDCO (r = 0.94). The mean of the differences of DopplerCO - TDCO was 1.82 +/- 2.67 L/min; DopplerCO = 2.36 + 0.98 TDCO (r = 0.94). The mean of the differences of LiDCO - DopplerCO was -2.68 +/- 3.01 L/min; LiDCO = -2.53 + 0.99 DopplerCO (r = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results indicate that lithium dilution is a suitable method for measuring cardiac output in horses. As well as being accurate, it avoids the need for pulmonary artery catheterization and is quick and safe to use. Monitoring cardiac output during anesthesia in horses may help reduce the high anesthetic mortality in this species.     

Proteins in Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp

Two methods of cytochemical staining using Coomassie dye and Cu⁺-bicinchoninic acid, respectively, showed that there are proteins in thermomechanical pulp (TMP) of Norway spruce. Protein isolated from TMP was analyzed for amino acid composition. There was about twice the amount of acidic amino acid material compared with basic amino acids, and the presence of glucosamine indicated that the isolated polypeptides also contained glycoproteins. The presence of proteins in ray cells and fiber tracheids in TMP adds to the chemical heterogeneity of the structurally complex high-yield pulp.     

Fibril angle variability in earlywood of Norway spruce using soft rot cavities and polarization confocal microscopy

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of the fibril angle of tracheids in earlywood of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). Polarization confocal microscopy was chosen and compared with the method utilizing the orientation of soft rot cavities. There was a significant correlation between the soft rot and polarization confocal microscopy methods, which showed the same trend of high fibril angles in the first part of the earlywood followed by a decrease toward the end of earlywood. This declining trend was less pronounced in annual rings containing compression wood. Moreover, large variations in fibril angle occurred between neighboring tracheids. The investigation also emphasized the differences between X-ray diffraction and microscopic methods, as the large variation seen by the latter methods is not seen by the X-ray diffraction approach because of its large area of measurement. No correlation was found between fiber morphology (i.e., average length, width, density) and the average fibril angle in the investigated annual rings.