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Designing agricultural landscapes for natural pest control: a transdisciplinary approach in the Hoeksche Waard (The Netherlands) 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Eveliene G. Steingröver Willemien Geertsema Walter K. R. E. van Wingerden 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(6):825-838
The green–blue network of semi-natural non-crop landscape elements in agricultural landscapes has the potential to enhance
natural pest control by providing various resources for the survival of beneficial insects that suppress crop pests. A study
was done in the Hoeksche Waard to explore how generic scientific knowledge about the relationship between the spatial structure
of the green–blue network and enhancement of natural pest control can be applied by stakeholders. The Hoeksche Waard is an
agricultural area in the Netherlands, characterized by arable fields and an extensive network of dikes, creeks, ditches and
field margins. Together with stakeholders from the area the research team developed spatial norms and design rules for the
design of a green–blue network that supports natural pest control. The stakeholders represented different interests in the
area: farmers, nature and landscape conservationists, water managers, and local and regional politicians. Knowledge about
the spatial relationship among beneficial insects, pests and landscape structure is incomplete. We conclude that to apply
scientific knowledge about natural pest control and the role of green–blue networks to stakeholders so that they can apply
it in landscape change, knowledge transfer has to be transparent, area specific, understandable, practical and incorporate
local knowledge. 相似文献
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Summary Cultivars Bintje and Désirée were grown in a set-up that allowed temperatures of the shoot, root, and stolon environments
to be separately varied. Shoot and root temperatures were either low, 18°C, or high, 28°C. Stolon temperatures were either
‘normal’, i.e. allowed to equilibrate at an ambient that depended on the temperatures of the shoot and root compartments,
or ‘in-creased’ by fixed supplementary heating units in the stolon chambers.
Haulm longevity was increased by the combination high shoot temperature and low root temperature, but greatly decreased by
high shoot temperature combined with high root temperature. The increased stolon temperature also advanced senescence.
The number of branches per stem (and thereby the number of leaves) was increased by an increase in stolon temperature, but
the interaction with air temperature was significant. A high root temperature reduced the number of leaves significantly.
The effects on stem yield were complex; several interactions proved significant. The total drymatter yield was affected by
all single factors except shoot temperature. 相似文献
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Summary The cultivars Bintje and Désirée were growth with their shoots, roots and stolons at different temperatures, to study the
effects on tuber development.
More tuber sites were initiated in ‘Bintje’ when the air, root or stolon temperature was increased but a combined increase
of air and root temperature greatly reduced the number of sites. In contrast, each temperature increase reduced the number
of tuber sites in ‘Désirée’ but an increase in temperature in one compartment usually increased the number of tubers set.
The relative tuber set was enhanced by a combination of high stolon temperature and low root temperature.
Especially an increase in air temperature reduced tuber yield and tuber dry-matter content, but increasing stolon temperature
had the largest effects on the induction of second growth.
Stolon and tuber development, dry-matter partitioning and initiation of second growth responded differently to variation in
temperature around different plant parts suggesting that these processes are affected by different regulation mechanisms. 相似文献
5.
In agricultural landscapes many plant species are limited to the network of landscape elements that are not used for agricultural
production. This habitat is fragmented in space and time due to anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, plant
populations are spatially sub-divided and their persistence might be dependent on the spatial dynamics in the network of local
populations. Dispersal characteristics and seed bank persistence are main determinants of colonization ability which in turn
is a key determinant of metapopulation viability. We propose a conceptual model that relates plant population dynamics to
habitat quality, configuration and dynamics. In this model, the habitat is arranged as a network of suitable and unsuitable
patches,and the distribution of the patches is assumed to be dynamic in time. Based on dispersal and seed bank characteristics
four plant strategies are distinguished:species having either long (> 100 m) or short (< 100m) distance dispersal and either
a long (> 5 yr)or short (< 5 yr) term persistent seed bank. We expect that species with contrasting strategies have different
survival probabilities in landscapes with contrasting habitat arrangement in space and time. We found few empirical studies
for testing the hypotheses based on the model. Therefore the relation between landscapes and plant survival needs to be further
explored,especially the quantitative aspects. We propose an iterative process of empirical and modelling research to determine
this relation and to define management options for multifunctional farms in which biodiversity is one of the land use aims.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Summary Cultivars Bintje and Désirée were grown in a multi-compartment set-up, which allowed different shoot, root and stolon temperatures,
to study the effects of temperature around different plant organs on the development of stolons.
A high root temperature induced orthotropic stolon growth in cv. Bintje.
Stolon number was not affected when temperature was increased in one compartment only, but high root temperature combined
with high stolon temperature or high air temperature reduced stolon number. For ‘Bintje’, branching of stolons and their dry-matter
yield were enhanced by a high temperature in each compartment, but combining high air temperature with another temperature
increase was detrimental.
Stolon initiation was less synchronized when plants were exposed to both high air temperature and high stolon temperature.
The hormonal regulation of stolon formation and the effects of temperature on the hormonal balances involved are discussed. 相似文献
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