Effect of dietary inclusion of spray‐dried porcine plasma on performance,some physiological and immunological response of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella sofia

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of spray‐dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in broiler chickens under Salmonella sofia disease challenge. The experiment comprised five starter diets: positive control (no supplement), diet supplemented with in‐feed antibiotics (IFA; salinomycin 0.05% + zinc bacitracin 0.033%) and diets supplemented with SDPP at 10 or 20 g/kg diet. All four of these groups were challenged with S. sofia, while a fifth group was unchallenged and used as the negative control. The experimental diets were fed to 14 days; then, the birds were switched to commercial‐type grower and finisher diets. Oral inoculation of the challenged groups with S. sofia occurred on day 8, 10 and 12. Body weight was significantly higher in the birds fed diets containing IFA and SDPP than in the challenged control group, but it was only significant in starter and grower phases. In general, there was an improvement in the weights of the immune‐related organs, but it was only significant for the weight of the bursa of SDPP‐fed birds at 13 days. At day 13, blood potassium content was lower and the concentrations of IgG and IgM tended to be lower in the birds fed on low‐SDPP starter diets than those of the other groups. There were significant differences in the concentration of lactic acid in the ileum and acetic acid, formic acid, butyric acid and propionic acid in the caeca. Inclusion of SDPP to the starter diets of broiler chicks had positive effects on broiler performance, immunity and gut health during exposure to highly pathogenic conditions.     

Subsequent growth performance and digestive physiology of broilers fed on starter diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma as a substitute for meat meal

1. A 4 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), in lieu of meat meal, in the starter diet on performance and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 35 d of age. Four levels of SDPP (0, 5, 10 or 20 g/kg) were included in the starter diets in lieu of meat meal on either wheat- or maize-based diets.

2. Over the first 10 d, and throughout the 35-d experimental period, birds gained more body weight with increasing concentrations of SDPP regardless to the type of grain used. Inclusion of SDPP in the starter diet markedly improved feed per gain in the starter phase and across the 35-d study. There was no significant effect of the type of grain and its interaction with SDPP on the body weight gain and feed per gain for the two assessed periods.

3. At d 10, the relative weight of the gizzard+proventriculus, spleen and liver increased with increasing concentrations of SDPP.

4. At 24 d of age, the grain and SDPP inclusion significantly interacted, depressing the weight of bursa and spleen in birds that received the highest concentration of SDPP in the maize-based diet. Birds fed on the maize-based diets had higher relative weight of pancreas than those on the wheat-based diets.

5. Increasing concentrations of SDPP in the starter diet improved the activities of maltase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase at 24 d of age. The interaction of grain and SDPP concentration was significant for sucrase activity in birds on the wheat-based diets. Chickens on maize-based diets had higher alkaline phosphatase and maltase activities than those on wheat-based diets.

6. Chicks that were offered SDPP-containing starter diets had longer villi, deeper crypts and lower villi/crypt than the control at 24 d of age regardless of the grain type used. Furthermore, longer villi and larger villi/crypt were found in chicken groups fed on wheat-based diets than those on maize-based diets.

7. Chickens on maize-based diets had higher dressing percentage and relative breast weight than those on wheat-based diets at 35 d of age.

8. It can be concluded that supplementation of starter diets with SDPP would be beneficial to the long-term growth of broiler chickens. The effect of the basal grain used in the diet is minimal.

     

气候变化对家禽业天然原料供给的影响

1 人口与家禽产品的需求 目前在世界肉类生产中,中国以4 450万吨猪肉产量引领世界猪肉产品市场.美国以每年1 950万吨的鸡肉产量位居家禽市场首位.从20世纪90年代开始,牛肉的需求量保持持平状态,这说明牛肉消费已经失去了重要的市场份额.相对于猪肉而言,禽肉的产量正大幅增长,并且在未来几年有潜力超过猪肉产量.在许多国家,过去20年里人均收入增加了一倍多.     

Effects of dietary copper and molybdenum on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicity in sheep

Dried tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), was fed to sheep to determine whether PA consumption influenced liver Cu concentrations. Nine Polypay wether lambs were allotted to 3 groups according to the diets: control diet + 50 micrograms of Cu/g of feed (control + Cu); tansy ragwort (TR) diet + 50 micrograms of Cu/g of feed (TR + Cu); and TR diet + 50 micrograms of Cu/g of feed and 10 micrograms of Mo/g of feed (TR + Cu + Mo). Liver Cu concentrations were sharply increased (13-fold) after 8 weeks of feeding the diets, and then decreased slightly. There were no significant differences in concentrations of liver Cu among treatment groups. All lambs in the group fed TR + Cu + Mo died by the end of 23 weeks, with the usual signs of PA poisoning, including liver necrosis, hepatic megalocytosis, and biliary hyperplasia. The TR intake was about 2.7 to 3.0 kg/kg of their initial body weight. All lambs in the group fed the control + Cu diet survived. The results indicated that sheep fed TR do not preferentially accumulate liver Cu. There was an indication that dietary Mo increased susceptibility to TR intoxication.     

测定豆粕的价值

随着与中国国内饲料业中最有影响力的月刊之一《饲料工业》杂志的合作,美国大豆协会将从本月起在该刊物上开辟专栏,名为“编读互动”。值此专栏开辟之际,我要感谢《饲料工业》所给予的合作,并欢迎各位读者经常浏览本专栏,踊跃提问。自20年多年前美国大豆协会在中国开展项目以来,我们得到了中国各级政府有关部门的大力支持及各位同仁们宝贵合作,使我们在各方面都取得了很大的成就。在此,请允许我代表美国大豆种植者和美国大豆协会在华的工作人员,对你们所作出的贡献表示衷心的感谢。我希望随着我们专栏的问世,美国大豆协会将会以更快的速度和更佳的途径向更多的行业人士提供更多和更有价值的信息。与此同时,我也期待得到你们更多的建议和意见,以便使我们将该专栏办得更切合实际和对你们更有帮助。     

Dietary inclusion of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides in response to broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis

1. This study investigated the prebiotic properties of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) produced both in situ and in vitro for their activity against the onset of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.

2. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was applied, including necrotic enteritis challenge (challenged/unchallenged) and three dietary treatments from d 10 to 21. A wheat–soy commercial-type basal-grower diet was fed with 2% of the wheat proportion replaced by the same amount of either arabinoxylan (AX), AXOS produced from hydrolysing AX with 16 000 BXU (birch xylanase unit) xylanase in vitro or AX fed with 16 000 BXU xylanase (AX + E). Necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge was induced by orally infecting birds with a vaccine strain of Eimeria oocysts at d 9 of age followed by oral gavage of a freshly prepared Clostridium perfringens broth at d 14.

3. The challenge depressed growth performance, induced gross lesions and reduced ileal viscosity at d 10–21. Birds fed on the AXOS diet had numerically less severe gross lesions, improved feed conversion at d 0–16 and lower ileal viscosity at d 16 compared to birds fed on AX. Weight gain of the unchallenged birds ranked as follows in terms of the diets: AXOS > AX + E > AX. AX + E produced a lower ileal viscosity compared to the AX treatment but only led to marginal improvements in performance and intestinal lesion scores.

4. Caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration was higher in birds fed on AXOS and AX + E compared to those fed on AX and was higher in the challenged birds compared to the unchallenged birds. Gizzard pH was lower in birds fed on AX + E compared to those fed on AXOS at d 16. Challenged birds had lower ileum pH compared to the unchallenged birds at d 16 and 21.

5. Results of this study suggest that AXOS appeared to be efficacious prebiotics, as highlighted by improvements in feed conversion ratio and increased SCFA production. Future studies are warranted to elucidate the types of AXOS that are most active against NE and the mechanisms by which different levels of AXOS enhance bird performance.     

营养对家禽健康的影响

饲料原料的质量和营养对家禽的总体健康状况和抗病力具有广泛的影响,它涉及由维生素、氨基酸或必需脂肪酸缺乏所导致的性能不良和与抗营养因子如霉菌毒素或生物胺相关联的较为特殊的问题。养鸡业的成功需要营养学家、兽医和鸡场经理们的建议和协作。专业人员应了解鸡群的性能记录、疫苗注射程序、当前鸡群健康状况和饲料原料/配方的变化。疾病、免疫刺激和环境因素可改变营养需要量。营养缺乏和毒素可提高对微生物和寄生虫感染的易感性。     

母猪的营养和饲喂管理

近年来,小母猪和母猪的管理和营养需要，随着其遗传改良的进展已经有了巨大改变。过去,后备母猪是从临宰前的肥育猪中挑选出来的。现在小母猪一般都是从专业化的瘦肉型高产种猪扩繁场中买来的。人们现在已经认识到，繁殖性能(以每头母猪年产仔猪数来衡量)对猪场的利润率有着重大影响。由于经产母猪的生产率高于头胎母猪．因而种猪场的管理重点必须是尽可能长时间地保留猪群中的经产母猪。应该注意生长、妊娠和泌乳等各阶段中日常所喂饲料的质和量，即饲料的能量、纤维、氨基酸和蛋白质的水平。必须考虑母猪的个体或者具有相同性能表现和躯体成分的群体。母猪群必须有正常的胎次分布，对第五或第六胎的经产母猪才用新母猪来取代，这些措施是对饲喂管理的极为重要的补充，能大大增加猪场的获利。本文将描述种猪场为获取最高性能表现和最大利润的营养策略和管理方案。     

Organic acid blends improve intestinal integrity,modulate short-chain fatty acids profiles and alter microbiota of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge

Controlling enteric diseases of broilers is crucial.Among many additives,organic acids(OA)and their blends are gaining attention to combat diseases in the post-antibiotic era.The current study evaluated the potentials of short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)and medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)blends and/or phenolic compounds on intestinal integrity,intestinal pH,caecal microbiota,and caecal SCFA profiles of broilers under necrotic enteritis(NE)challenge.The additives used were:(A)a blend of SCFA,MCFA,and a phenolic compound(SMP),(B)a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA(SMF),and(C)a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA(SHM).A total of 1,404 male parental chicks of Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 78 floor pens on hatching day with 6 treatments replicated 13 times with 18 birds per pen.The treatments were:UCC,unchallenged control;CHC,challenged control;BAC,challenged group plus zinc bacitracin;SMP,challenged group plus additive SMP;SMF,challenged group plus additive SMF;SHM,challenged group plus additive SHM.Birds were challenged with field-strain Eimeria spp.on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14.Birds challenged with NE increased fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d)concentration in serum,reduced acetate and butyrate concentrations,and increased Bacteroides and C.perfringens load in the caeca(P<0.05).Birds fed additives decreased FITC-d from gut to serum,reduced Bacteroides(d 16,P<0.05)and numerically reduced C.perfringens load compared to CHC group.Birds fed additive SHM had higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate(d 21,P<0.05)than CHC group but were not different from SMP and SMF groups.All the additives exhibited similar intestinal protection against NE compared to the BAC group indicated by FITC-d concentration in serum,acetate,propionate and butyrate concentrations in the caeca,and caecal bacterial loads except for the C.perfringens(P>0.05).The SMP group had a higher load compared to BAC(P<0.05).These findings suggest the promising effects of OA blends as alternatives to BAC to ameliorate the impact of NE challenge of broilers as indicated by improved intestinal health.     

Pasture,multi-enzymes,benzoic acid and essential oils positively influence performance,intestinal organ weight and egg quality in free-range laying hens

1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of range type, multi-enzyme applications, and a combination of benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EO) on the productive performance, organ weight and egg quality of free-range laying hens.

2. Three hundred laying hens were evaluated for the short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (12 weeks) effects of range type (G = no pasture, P = pasture) and feed additives (T1 = control; T2 = betaglucanase/pectinase/protease; T3 = BA/EO). Body weight, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production (EP), digestive organ weight, and egg quality (EQ) were evaluated. Data were analysed using SPSS 2.2 in a 2×2×3 factorial arrangement.

3. Hens that ranged on pasture were significantly heavier (2043 g vs. 1996 g; p < 0.001), laid heavier eggs (61.9 g vs. 60.3 g; p < 0.001) and produced darker yolk colour (4.3 vs. 7.0; p < 0.001) compared to hens ranged on gravel. Hens fed T2 were significantly heavier (2050 g) compared to hens fed T1 (2005 g) or T3 (2008 g). Organ weights (gizzard, liver and pancreas) were significantly heavier in hens ranged on pasture (16.8 g/kg BW, 22.3 g/kg BW and 1.89 g/kg BW, respectively) compared to hens ranged on gravel (14.2 g/kg BW, 21.7 g/kg BW and 1.83 g/kg BW, respectively). Over time, body weight (1970–2070 g; p < 0.001) and egg weight (59.5–62.8 g; p < 0.001) increased, FI (123–120 g; p = 0.024) was reduced and FCR (2.36–2.10; p = 0.002) improved

4. In conclusion, hens housed on pasture and fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets had significantly heavier body weight and produced heavier eggs with darker yolk colour. Pasture intake and enzyme supplementation increased digestive organ weight significantly.